39. PULMONARYFIBROSIS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a pathologic term for excessive connective tissue in the lungs that hampers lung recoil and lung deflation during expiration. The disorder is more commonly…
23. TUMOR-INDUCED HYPERCALCEMIA
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Approximately 99% of calcium in the body is bound to bones and teeth. The remaining 1% is found in the serum. Serum calcium exists in an ionized form,…
26. HYPERNATREMIA
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Homeostatic alteration in water and sodium is frequently encountered in patients with cancer (Fojo, 2005), and hyponatremia (see Chapter 29) occurs more frequently than hypernatremia (Murphy-Ende, 2006a). Sodium,…
30. HYPOMAGNESEMIA
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Magnesium plays a fundamental role in many functions of the cell, including energy transfer, storage, and use; insulin release; protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism; maintenance of normal cell…
35. MALNUTRITIONAND CACHEXIA
Malnutrition and cachexia continue to complicate the course of disease and treatment in patients with cancer. Agreement exists in the literature and among clinicians that malnutrition is a common problem….
19. HEART FAILURE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Cancer chemotherapy has advanced significantly over the past several decades. However, the use of these agents has been limited by significant cardiac toxicities, including, arrhythmias, ischemia, hypertension, myocarditis,…
48. TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS The term tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is used to describe the clinical consequences of serum accumulation of excessive cell lysis products. When cells die, the internal components are…
44. SPIRITUAL DISTRESS IN PEOPLE WITH CANCER
DEFINITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS From the earliest associations of nursing with religious orders to the emerging field of parish nursing, nurses, especially oncology nurses, have recognized the importance of spirituality in…
33. LACTIC ACIDOSIS, TYPE B
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Type B lactic acidosis is considered a rare metabolic oncologic emergency; if left untreated, it can be fatal. It generally is a complication seen with advanced disease; however,…
40. SEIZURES
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS The brain controls how the body moves by sending electrical signals. Seizures occur when the normal signals from the brain are changed. These signals are caused by hyperactivity…
