Echocardiography Peter J. Cawley Echocardiography (echo) is ultrasound technology as applied to imaging the heart and the associated great vessels.1 As cardiac catheterization and invasive angiography transformed our understanding of…
Radiologic Examination of the Chest Jon S. Huseby Denise LeDoux The chest radiography is one of the most common diagnostic tools used in the evaluation of cardiovascular disease and the…
Nuclear, Magnetic Resonance, and Computed Tomography Imaging Laurie A. Soine Peter J. Cawley Many advances have been made in noninvasive cardiovascular imaging over the last 20 years. Fueled by scientific…
Laboratory Tests Using Blood Susan L. Reed Diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients require a multimodal, multidisciplinary approach. Along with an in-depth history and physical, the clinician frequently depends on…
Physiologic Adaptations With Aging Barbara S. Levine Aging is a normal developmental process during which physiological and psychosocial changes occur. Wide variation in the aging process exists among individuals as…
Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology Eleanor F. Bond* *The material in this chapter was originally co-authored with Carol Jean Halpenny. An understanding of cardiac anatomy is helpful for understanding cardiac physiology…
Regulation of Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure Elizabeth J. Bridges This chapter reviews the neurohumoral control of the cardiovascular system as it relates to the rapid and more long-term control…
Hematopoiesis, Coagulation, and Bleeding Nancy Munro The physiological functions of blood include nutrition, oxygenation, respiration, and excretion. These various components of blood accomplish these functions. Approximately 55% of blood volume…
Fluid and Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance and Imbalance Linda Felver PRINCIPLES OF FLUID BALANCE The fluid in the body serves many vital functions. In addition to being the milieu in…
