41. SEPSISAND SEPTIC SHOCK
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Healthy individuals with an intact immune system are able to mount a normal immune response to a microbe exposure, preventing colonization of the host. Patients with cancer are…
42. SINUSOID OCCLUSIVE SYNDROME
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Sinusoid occlusive syndrome (SOS) is increasingly replacing the term venulo-occlusive disease (VOD), because current research suggests that the initial target of this syndrome is primarily the liver sinusoids…
38. PLEURAL EFFUSIONS: MALIGNANT
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Malignant pleural effusions are collections of excess body fluid in the pleural space. The pleural space is located between the visceral and parietal pleura. Normally, fluid is shifted…
37. PATHOLOGIC FRACTURES
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Normal bone activity includes osteoclasts that wear away bone and osteoblasts that build up new bone. A pathologic fracture in a person with cancer is a fracture that…
36. PAIN MANAGEMENT: NOCICEPTIVE AND NEUROPATHIC
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS From a mechanistic perspective, cancer pain can be classified as nociceptive or neuropathic in origin. Nociceptive pain results from activity in neural pathways caused by tissue damage. Examples…
28. HYPERURICEMIA
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Hyperuricemia, an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood, is a potentially life-threatening metabolic complication that results from overproduction or inefficient elimination of uric acid or from…
12. DYSPNEA AND AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Dyspnea, a symptom, and airway obstruction, a sign, are most notably associated with primary lung cancer and metastatic disease (Torres-Carranza et al., 2006; Le 2005; Wickham, 2002; Chernecky…
9. DIABETES INSIPIDUS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disorder of urinary concentration caused by a temporary or chronic deficiency of or insensitivity to vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This condition leaves…
34. LAMBERT-EATON MYASTHENIC SYNDROME
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare, antibody-mediated autoimmune disorder. It can occur sporadically or as a paraneoplastic syndrome, most often associated with small cell carcinoma of the…
31. HYPONATREMIA
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Hyponatremia is a disorder of hypo-osmolality in which the rate of sodium loss exceeds the rate of water loss (true hyponatremia). Another type of hyponatremia, relative hyponatremia, is…
