Twins and higher-order births
Introduction The news of a multiple pregnancy is often met with delight by both mothers and midwives. The rarity of twins and higher-order births ensures that they remain a somewhat…
Stillbirth and neonatal death
Introduction Perinatal loss has been described as a life crisis for both parents and professionals alike (Gardner, 1999). The death of a baby is not uncommon at one every 200…
Perineal trauma and suturing
Introduction ‘Maternal morbidity caused by perineal trauma can have long term social, psychological and physical health consequences for women. Perineal pain and discomfort may disrupt breastfeeding, family life and sexual…
Preterm birth
Introduction ‘The birth of a baby should be one of the most special and joyful experiences a family can have and yet every year thousands of families experience the pain…
Fetal heart rate monitoring in labour
Introduction Fetal heart monitoring, whether intermittent or continuous, is performed with the intent of assessing the well-being of the fetus and detecting the few who are hypoxic. Continuous electronic fetal…
Vaginal birth after caesarean section
Introduction ‘An evaluation of differences between maternity units that had low CS and those that had higher rates revealed an important attitudinal factor was a belief and pride in a…
