Abdominal trauma
51 Abdominal trauma Overview/pathophysiology Abdominal trauma accounts for nearly 7 million emergency department visits in the United States annually and often causes serious injury to major organs. It is essential…
Hypothyroidism
49 Hypothyroidism Overview/pathophysiology Hypothyroidism is a condition in which there is an inadequate amount of circulating thyroid hormone, causing a decrease in metabolic rate that affects all body systems. Primary…
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
50 Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Overview/pathophysiology Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) is a condition of abnormal release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin…
Pulmonary tuberculosis
13 Pulmonary tuberculosis Overview/pathophysiology Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused primarily by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the United States an estimated 10 to 15 million persons are infected with this…
Hyperthyroidism
48 Hyperthyroidism Overview/pathophysiology Hyperthyroidism is a clinical syndrome caused by excessive circulating thyroid hormone. Because thyroid activity affects all body systems, excessive thyroid hormone exaggerates normal body functions and produces…
Diabetes mellitus
45 Diabetes mellitus Overview/pathophysiology Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide epidemic of chronic hyperglycemia affecting more than 7.8% (24 million) of the total U.S. population. There are 1.6 million new…
Traumatic brain injury
43 Traumatic brain injury Overview/pathophysiology Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause varying degrees of damage to the skull and brain tissue. Primary injuries occur at the time of impact and…
Diabetes insipidus
44 Diabetes insipidus Overview/pathophysiology Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a condition that can result from one of several problems. Central (neurogenic) DI is caused by a defect in the synthesis of…
Seizures and epilepsy
40 Seizures and epilepsy Overview/pathophysiology Seizures result from an abnormal, uncontrolled electrical discharge from the neurons of the cerebral cortex in response to a stimulus. If the activity is localized…
Spinal cord injury
41 Spinal cord injury Overview/pathophysiology Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are caused by vertebral fractures or dislocations that sever, lacerate, stretch, or compress the spinal cord and interrupt neuronal function and…
