46 Diabetic ketoacidosis Overview/pathophysiology Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening condition caused by severe lack of effective insulin, resulting in major hyperglycemia and acidosis from abnormal carbohydrate, fat, and protein…
70 Osteoporosis Overview/pathophysiology Osteoporosis (“porous bone”) is the most common metabolic bone disease. It is characterized by reduction in both bone mass and bone strength, while bone size remains constant….
69 Osteoarthritis Overview/pathophysiology Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent articular disease in adults 65 yr of age and older. OA has been known by many names, including degenerative joint disease…
66 Amputation Overview/pathophysiology Amputation, the removal of part or all of a limb through bone, is now less commonly performed as an orthopedic surgical intervention than it was before advances…
11 Pneumothorax/hemothorax PneumothoraxOverview/pathophysiology Pneumothorax is an accumulation of air in the pleural space that leads to increased intrapleural pressure. Risk factors include blunt or penetrating chest injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary…
65 Thrombocytopenia Overview/pathophysiology Thrombocytopenia is a relatively common coagulation disorder that results from a decreased number of platelets. It can be congenital or acquired, and it is classified according to…
64 Polycythemia Overview/pathophysiology Polycythemia is a chronic disorder characterized by excessive production of red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, and myelocytes. As these increase, blood volume, blood viscosity, and hemoglobin (Hb)…
63 Disseminated intravascular coagulation Overview/pathophysiology Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an acute coagulation disorder characterized by paradoxical clotting and hemorrhage. The sequence usually progresses from massive clot formation, depletion of…
62 Anemias of chronic disease Overview/pathophysiology Erythropoietin (EPO) is a naturally occurring protein hormone produced and released by the kidneys (90%) and liver (10%). The kidneys are stimulated to release…
