Glossary

A

abdominal delivery A cesarean birth.

abduction A movement away from the midline of the body.

abortion The end of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable, whether spontaneous or elective.

abruptio placentae A premature separation of a normally implanted placenta.

abstinence Voluntarily refraining from participation in sexual intercourse.

abuse To attack or cause injury—physical, sexual, emotional, or spiritual. This term includes nonaccidental injury and neglect.

acceleration A temporary increase of the fetal heart rate over the baseline rate of at least 15 beats/min for at least 15 seconds.

acidosis A condition in which there is either a marked increase in the level of acids in the blood or body tissues or a marked decrease in the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate). The pH in the blood is low.

acini cells Cells that secrete a substance that helps with digestion in the alimentary tract and with breathing in the respiratory tract.

acme The peak, or period of greatest strength, of a uterine contraction.

acrocyanosis A peripheral blueness of the hands and feet due to reduced peripheral circulation (normal in newborns).

active acquired immunity Immunity acquired through vaccination or development of antibodies resulting from exposure to an infectious disease.

acupressure A nursing intervention involving the application of firm, sustained pressure to specific points on the body. Used to relieve pain and promote relaxation.

acupuncture Insertion of thin wire needles into the skin at specific sites along a series of lines called meridians to treat illness and pain. A type of complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapy.

adduction A movement toward the midline of the body.

adolescence Period of human development beginning with puberty and ending with young adulthood.

advanced practice nurses A term used often to describe the pediatric nurse practitioner (PNP) and the clinical nurse specialist (CNS).

advocacy Speaking or acting in support of a person’s rights and needs.

afterbirth The placenta and membranes delivered during the third stage of labor.

afterpains Painful contractions of the uterus that occur for several days after delivery; they occur most often in multiparas and are more painful during breastfeeding.

AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); characterized by a depressed immune system and involving a deficiency in the CD4 and T lymphocytes.

airway management A positioning of the head and neck to ensure patency of the airway; may include interventions to ensure adequate oxygenation.

albuminuria The presence of a type of protein in the urine.

allergy An abnormal immune response to a substance that causes an inflammatory response resulting in hypersensitivity.

allopathic care The management of disease or injury with interventions such as medical and surgical treatment.

alpha-fetoprotein test (AFP) A maternal blood test used to diagnose neural tube defects in the developing fetus.

alternative treatment Methods to maintain health in the treatment of disease that differ from the traditionally accepted Western practice of medicine.

alveoli The area in the lungs where the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs.

amenorrhea The absence or suppression of menstruation; normal before puberty, during pregnancy and lactation, and after menopause.

amniocentesis Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac (fetal membranes) to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid for study.

amnioinfusion The infusion of warmed saline into the uterus to relieve cord compression or to wash meconium out of the cavity to prevent aspiration of it at birth.

amnion The inner of the two fetal membranes; thin and transparent; holds the fetus suspended in amniotic fluid.

amnionitis An inflammation or infection of the membrane closest to the developing fetus.

amniotic fluid A transparent, almost colorless fluid contained in the fetal membranes and amnion; it protects the fetus from injury, maintains an even temperature, and allows fetal movement.

amniotic sac The sac formed by the amnion and the chorion and containing fluid and the fetus; it is commonly known as the “bag of waters.”

amniotomy A surgical procedure in which the amniotic sac is ruptured to facilitate delivery of the fetus.

analgesic A drug that relieves pain but does not produce unconsciousness.

androgen A substance that stimulates masculinization, such as the male hormone testosterone or androsterone.

android pelvis A female pelvis that resembles one of masculine size and shape.

anemia A decrease in the amount of hemoglobin or red blood cells circulating within the body.

anesthesia A partial or complete loss of sensation, especially of pain, with or without the loss of consciousness.

angioma A tumor, usually benign, that is made up chiefly of blood and lymph vessels.

animism A type of thinking characteristic of a period of cognitive development in which the child attributes life to inanimate objects.

anomaly Not normal in form, structure, or position; a congenital anomaly is an abnormality present at birth.

anorexia nervosa A syndrome most often seen in adolescent girls and characterized by an extreme form of self-starvation. Although its onset may be acute, the underlying emotional problem develops over a relatively long time.

anoxia A complete absence of oxygen in the blood.

antenatal Before birth.

antepartum Before the onset of labor.

anterior Pertaining to the front or top of the body.

anterior fontanelle A diamond-shaped area between the two frontal and two parietal bones of the newborn’s head; also called the soft spot.

anthropoid pelvis A female pelvis with a transverse diameter that is equal to or smaller than the anteroposterior diameter.

antibody A specific protein substance that is formed in the body in response to antigens and restricts or destroys antigens.

antigen A substance that precipitates an immune response, resulting in the formation of antibodies. Antigen-antibody reactions form the basis for immunity.

anuria The lack of urine formation by the kidneys.

Apgar score An evaluation tool with a maximum score of 10; used to assess a newborn at 1 minute and 5 minutes after delivery. Five factors (scored 0, 1, or 2) are heart rate, color, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and respiratory effort.

apnea A cessation of respirations.

areola The pigmented circle of tissue around the nipple of the breast.

AROM Artificial rupture of the (amniotic) membranes with a sterile instrument, such as an Amnihook or Allis clamp.

aromatherapy The absorption of essential oils or their aromas by the lungs or skin for systemic effects.

artificial insemination The mechanical injection of viable semen into the vagina for the purpose of impregnation.

ascariasis Roundworm infestation.

asphyxia An inadequate amount of oxygen or an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues of the body.

asynchrony The lack of concurrence in time. A growing child may look gangling because of asynchrony of growth (i.e., different body parts mature at different rates).

atelectasis An incomplete expansion of the lungs or a collapse of the alveoli after expansion.

atony A lack of muscle tone or strength.

attachment A strong psychological bond of affection between an infant and a significant other.

attitude In obstetrics, the position of the fetus in the uterus (normally one of flexion of the head and extremities).

augmentation of labor The enhancement of labor after it has begun.

autoimmunity A condition in which the body produces antibodies against its own tissues.

autolysis The breakdown or endogenous destruction of cells by enzymes in the body.

autonomy Independent functioning; self-control.

autosomal inheritance Transmission of characteristics on a chromosome other than a sex chromosome.

autosome Any chromosome within the body except the sex chromosomes (X and Y).

B

bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine.

bag of waters The membrane containing the amniotic fluid and the fetus.

ballottement In the uterus: the fetus floats away when palpated and then returns to touch the examiner’s fingers.

barrier technique A method of medical asepsis in which various types of isolation precautions or standard precautions are used as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In contraception, it is a method in which sperm is prevented from entering the cervix.

Bartholin glands Two small mucous glands situated on each side of the vaginal orifice that secrete small amounts of mucus during coitus (intercourse).

basal body temperature chart A written graphic chart of daily body temperature, usually taken on awakening. The temperature usually drops at the beginning of ovulation.

bilirubin An orange or yellowish pigment in bile; a breakdown product of hemoglobin carried by the blood to the liver, where it is chemically changed and excreted in bile or is conjugated and excreted in the stool.

bilirubinemia The presence of bilirubin in the blood.

Billings method A method used to check cervical mucus for elasticity, stickiness, wetness, and lubrication.

biofeedback A method of training designed to help an individual control his or her autonomic (involuntary) nervous system.

biophysical profile (BPP) A system of estimating the status of a fetus by evaluating heart rate, respiratory movement, muscle movement and tone, and amniotic fluid volume. Low scores indicate the need for prompt delivery.

birthing centers Freestanding buildings outside of the hospital that provide comprehensive care, including antepartum, labor and delivery, and postpartum care and mothers’ classes, lactation classes, and follow-up family planning.

Bishop score A scoring system that uses cervical dilation, effacement, fetal station, cervical consistency, and position to determine if labor can be safely induced.

blastocyst A stage in embryonic development that follows the morula. Implantation in the uterus generally occurs at this stage.

blastula A phase of the fertilized ovum in which all its cells are arranged into a hollow ball or cavity.

bleb An irregularly shaped elevation of the epidermis; a blister or bulla.

blood patch The injection of the patient’s blood into the epidural space in order to seal a dural puncture and prevent leakage of cerebral spinal fluid.

bloody show Appearance of a mixture of blood and mucus from the cervix that often precedes labor.

bonding Attachment; the process whereby a unique relationship is established between two people; used in conjunction with parent-newborn attachment.

bone marrow transplant Transplantation of bone marrow from one person to another; currently used to treat aplastic anemia and leukemia.

booster injection The administration of a substance to renew or increase the effectiveness of a prior immunization injection (e.g., a tetanus booster).

bradycardia A heart rate slower than the expected rate for age. In a newborn, a heart rate less than 110 beats/min; in a child, a heart rate less than 70 beats/min; in an adult, a heart rate less than 60 beats/min.

Braxton Hicks contractions Intermittent contractions of the uterus; they occur more frequently toward the end of pregnancy and are sometimes mistaken for true labor contractions.

breech presentation A birth in which the buttocks or feet (or both) present instead of the head; occurs in approximately 3% of all deliveries.

bronchopulmonary dysplasia A complication of artificial oxygen ventilation characterized by scarring of the lung tissue, which inhibits lung ventilation and perfusion.

Broviac catheter A central venous line used in small children who require total parenteral or continuous intravenous infusion.

brown fat Also called brown adipose tissue—forms in the fetus around the kidneys, the adrenals, and the neck; between the scapulae; and behind the sternum. Its dark brown hue is a result of its density, enriched blood supply, and abundant nerve supply. Its main purpose is heat production in the neonate.

Bryant’s traction A type of skin traction apparatus commonly used for toddlers with a fractured femur. Vertical suspension is used.

C

café au lait spots Permanent light brown patchy spots on the skin. Large size and numbers may be characteristic of neurofibromatosis.

calendar method A natural method of birth control in which the calendar is used to determine which phase of the menstrual cycle the woman is in.

CAM therapy The use of complementary or alternative treatments. Complementary medicine is therapy used with traditional or conventional therapy. Alternative therapy is treatments that are used to replace conventional or traditional therapy.

caput The head; the occiput of the fetal head, which appears at the vaginal introitus before delivery of the head.

caput succedaneum Swelling or edema of the newborn scalp that crosses the suture lines; usually simply called caput. It is self-limiting and necessitates no treatment.

cardiac decompensation Heart failure.

cardinal movement See mechanisms of labor.

carpal tunnel syndrome Occurs when pressure is placed on the median nerve as it goes through the carpal tunnel into the hand. When compressed, it can cause pain and numbness of the affected extremity. It can occur in pregnancy and/or with repetitive motion (e.g., typing, frequent twisting of the wrist).

cephalic presentation A birth in which the fetal head presents against the cervix.

cephalocaudal development The orderly development of muscular control, which proceeds from head to foot.

cephalohematoma Subperiosteal swelling containing blood, found on the head of some newborns. The swelling does not cross suture lines and therefore often appears unilateral; usually disappears within a few weeks to 2 months without treatment.

cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) A condition in which the fetus cannot pass through the maternal pelvis; also called fetopelvic disproportion.

cerclage Closing of the cervix with a suture to prevent early dilation and spontaneous abortion.

certified nurse-midwife (CNM) A registered nurse who has completed special training approved by the American College of Nurses-Midwives and passed a certification test. The CNM provides care to women who have a normal, uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery.

cerumen Ear wax.

cervical cap A contraceptive device that fits over the cervix.

cervical os The small opening of the cervix that dilates during the first stage of labor.

cervix The lower part of the uterus.

cesarean birth Delivery of the fetus by means of an incision into the abdominal wall and the uterus; abdominal delivery.

Chadwick’s sign A violet-blue color of the vaginal mucous membrane caused by increased vascularity; it is a probable sign of pregnancy that is visible about the fourth week of pregnancy.

chignon Newborn scalp edema created by a vacuum extractor.

chloasma gravidarum A yellow-brown pigmentation over the bridge of the nose and cheeks during pregnancy and in some women who are taking oral contraceptives; also known as the mask of pregnancy.

chordee A congenital anomaly in which a fibrous strand of tissue extends from the scrotum to the penis, preventing urination with the penis in the normal elevated position; commonly associated with hypospadias.

chorion The fetal membrane closest to the interior uterine wall; it gives rise to the placenta and continues as the outer membrane surrounding the amnion.

chorionic villi Threadlike projections on the chorionic surface of the placenta; they help to form the placenta and secrete human chorionic gonadotropin.

chromosome A structure composed of tightly packed DNA; it is found in the nuclei of plant and animal cells and is responsible for the transmission of hereditary characteristics.

circumcision The surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis.

cleansing breath A slow, deep breath that is taken at the beginning and end of each contraction of labor.

clinical nurse specialist (CNS) The CNS provides care in the hospital or community to patients in specific specialty areas, such as cardiac, neurological, or oncological care.

clinical pathways Also known as critical pathways, care maps, or multidisciplinary action plans, clinical pathways are collaborative guidelines that define multidisciplinary care in terms of outcomes within a timeline.

clitoris The female organ that is homologous to the male penis; a small oval body of erectile tissue situated at the anterior junction of the vulva.

coitus Sexual intercourse.

coitus interruptus Removal of the erect penis from the vagina before ejaculation.

colostrum A secretion from the breast before the onset of true lactation; it has a high protein content, provides some immune properties, and cleanses the newborn’s intestinal tract of mucus and meconium.

colposcopy A special type of scope used to examine the vagina and cervix for unusual changes or neoplasms.

comedo A skin lesion caused by a plug of keratin, sebum, and bacteria; there are two types: blackheads and whiteheads.

complementary therapy Nontraditional treatment method or methods used to maintain health or treat disease; used in conjunction with traditional medical therapy or treatment.

conception The union of the male sperm and female ovum; fertilization.

conceptus The products of conception.

condom A sheath or covering that is usually made from rubber or latex; placed over an erect penis to prevent the ejaculate from entering the vagina. The female condom is inserted into the vagina before penetration and is fitted over the cervix with an inner ring to help hold it in place.

congenital Present at birth.

congenital malformation An anomaly present at birth.

contraception The prevention of conception or impregnation.

contraction Tightening and shortening of uterine muscles during labor, causing effacement and dilation of the cervix; contributes to downward and outward movement of fetus.

contraction stress test (CST) Manual manipulation of the nipple of the breast to stimulate the production of oxytocin and test the fetal response to uterine contractions; used for high-risk pregnancies. See also oxytocin challenge test (OCT).

convection The loss of heat from a warm surface to air currents that are much cooler.

Coombs’ test A blood test to determine if Rh antibodies are present in the blood of the mother or neonate.

coping Dealing effectively with stress and problems.

corpus luteum A small endocrine structure that develops inside a ruptured ovarian follicle and secretes both estrogen and progesterone.

cost containment The efficient and effective use of resources.

couvade A syndrome in which the father experiences the symptoms of the pregnant partner.

craniosynostosis  Premature closure of the cranial sutures that limits the growth of the brain.

critical thinking Applying creativity and ingenuity to solve the problem: combining basic standard principles with data specific to the patient.

crowning The appearance of the presenting fetal part (head) at the vaginal orifice during labor.

culdocentesis Fluid aspiration from the cul-de-sac of the posterior vagina, either for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons.

cultural awareness A conscious awareness of the cultural values, beliefs, and perceptions of one’s self and others.

cultural competence A quality, attained by cultural awareness and sensitivity, that enables health care providers to adapt practices to meet the needs of patients from various cultures.

cultural sensitivity An understanding of and sensitivity to cultural practices and values that differ from one’s own.

culture The body of symbols, ideas, values, traditions, and practices shared by a group of people; can also mean the growth of organisms in a special medium.

cyanosis A condition in which the skin takes on a blue, gray, or slate cast or color due to a lack of oxygen in the blood.

D

deceleration A periodic decrease in baseline fetal heart rate; can be early, late, or variable.

decidua basalis The part of the decidua that unites with the chorion to form the placenta. It is shed in lochial discharge after delivery.

deciduous teeth Baby teeth.

decrement A decrease or stage of decline, as in a contraction.

delivery The expulsion of an infant (with the placenta and membranes) from the woman at birth.

Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) Assesses the developmental status of a child during the first 6 years of life in five areas: personal, social, fine motor adaptive, language, and gross motor activities.

developmental task A skill whose acquisition falls into a particular time frame or a specific age range and which, when accomplished, provides the basis for future tasks.

diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) These refer to a Medicare system that determines payment for a hospital stay based on the patient’s diagnosis.

diagonal conjugate The distance between the sacral promontory and the lowest border of the symphysis pubis; the pelvic diameter.

diaphoresis Profuse sweating.

diaphragm A contraceptive device that is used with a spermicide to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.

dilation of the cervix An expansion of the cervical os that allows passage of the fetus and products of conception.

diploid Cell or organism containing a set of maternal and a set of paternal chromosomes. In humans, the diploid number of chromosomes is 46.

disproportion A term used when the pelvis of the mother is too small or the fetal head is too large for safe vaginal delivery.

dizygotic twins Fetuses that develop from two fertilized ova; fraternal twins.

documentation The written or electronic recording of any action taken by the nurse or other health care provider, including when a medication is given, a treatment performed, etc. This information must be accurately entered on the patient’s chart.

doula A labor coach.

duration In obstetrics, the elapsed time from the beginning of a contraction until the end of the same contraction.

dyscrasia A synonym for “disease.”

dysfunctional Inadequate, abnormal.

dysmenorrhea Menstruation that is painful.

dyspareunia Painful sexual intercourse.

dystocia Difficult labor due to mechanical factors produced by the fetus or the maternal pelvis or due to inadequate uterine or other muscular activity.

E

early decelerations A decrease in fetal heart rate during a contraction as a result of head compression.

eclampsia Pregnancy-induced hypertension complicated by one or more seizures.

ectoderm The outer layer of cells in the developing embryo that gives rise to the skin, nails, and hair.

ectopic pregnancy Implantation of a fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity; the most common ectopic site is the fallopian tube.

effacement Thinning and shortening of the cervix that occur late in pregnancy and during labor.

effleurage Using the tips of the fingers to lightly stroke the abdomen in a patterned movement; a relaxation technique used to help cope with the pain of active labor.

egocentrism A type of thinking in which a child has difficulty seeing anyone else’s point of view; this self-centering is normal in young children.

ejaculation The expulsion of semen and sperm from the penis.

embryo A term used for the developing structure in the early stage of development; in humans, the organism during the period from about 3 to 8 weeks of gestation.

empowerment Providing tools and knowledge to the family to enable informed participation in decision making about health care.

encephalitis Inflammation of the brain.

encopresis The passage of stool in a child’s underwear or in other inappropriate places after 4 years of age. Some children display concurrent behavioral problems.

endoderm The inner layer of cells in a developing embryo that gives rise to internal organs such as the intestines.

endometriosis A medical condition in which endometrial tissue is found in areas of the body other than the uterus.

endometritis An inflammation or infection of the uterine lining, usually from bacterial invasion.

endometrium The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the uterus.

endorphins A natural body substance secreted by the pituitary gland that is similar in action to morphine. Levels of endorphins increase during pregnancy and peak during the labor process.

en face A position in which the parent and infant have eye-to-eye contact at no more than a 9- to 10-inch distance.

engagement The entrance of the fetal presenting part into the pelvis (e.g., the leading edge of the fetal head is at the level of the maternal ischial spines in a vertex presentation).

engorgement Vascular congestion or distention. In obstetrics, the swelling of breast tissue brought about by an increase in the blood and lymph supply to the breast preceding true lactation.

enuresis The abnormal inability to control urine excretion after the age at which control should be established; may be due to organic, allergic, or psychological problems.

epididymis A structure on the posterior border of the testis, where coiled storage ducts provide for maturation and transport of the spermatozoa.

epidural block A regional anesthetic block achieved by injecting a local anesthetic agent into the space overlying the dura of the spinal cord.

episiotomy An incision of the perineum to facilitate delivery and to prevent laceration of the perineum.

epispadias A congenital anomaly in which the urethral meatus is located on the dorsal surface of the penis.

Epstein’s pearls The accumulation of yellow-white epithelial cells on the hard palate of a newborn. They usually disappear within a few weeks of delivery.

estrogen A substance produced by the ovaries; during puberty its production increases, helping to produce the secondary sex characteristics.

ethics A system of moral principles or standards that guide behavior.

ethnicity Term describing classification of groups of people within a culture according to religious, racial, national, or physical characteristics.

evidence-based practice Taking the best evidence obtained from current, valid, published research and combining that information with the nurse’s critical thinking process, experiences, and patient needs to plan safe, effective nursing care for the patient.

external os The lower cervical opening.

F

facies Pertaining to the appearance or expression of the face; certain congenital syndromes are typically manifested by a specific facial appearance.

fallopian tubes The tubes that extend from the uterus to the ovaries. They serve as a passageway for ova from the ovary to the uterus and for spermatozoa from the uterus toward the ovary; oviducts; uterine tubes.

false labor Contractions of the uterus (regular or irregular) that may be strong enough to be interpreted as true labor but do not dilate the cervix. See also true labor.

family Apgar A screening test that is used as a guide to assess family functioning.

family care plan An expansion of the nursing care plan that includes family members.

fern test, also known as ferning A palm-leaf pattern seen on a glass slide that contains dried cervical mucus; can be used to determine what phase of the menstrual cycle the woman is in. See also Billings method.

fertilization The union of an ovum and sperm.

fetal alcohol syndrome A group of fetal symptoms that evidences prenatal and postnatal growth retardation; mental retardation; and facial abnormalities, including a flat, thin upper lip border and down-slanting eyes that often occurs when a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy.

fetal attitude A position of the fetus in the uterus; normally one of flexion, with the head flexed forward and the arms and legs flexed.

fetal blood sampling A sample of blood taken from the fetus while in the uterine cavity.

fetal heart rate (FHR) The number of times the fetal heart beats per minute; the normal range at term is 110 to 160 beats/min.

fetal heart tones (FHTs) The fetal heartbeat as heard through the mother’s abdominal wall.

fetal lie Describes how the spine of the fetus is oriented in relation to the mother’s spine.

fetal position Refers to the orientation of a reference point on the fetal presenting part within the mother’s pelvis.

fetoscope A stethoscope specially adapted to facilitate listening to the fetal heart.

fetus A term used for the developing structure from the eighth week after fertilization until birth.

fibrinogen A component found in the blood that aids in blood clotting.

fibrocystic breast A benign disorder of the breast in which cysts arise from glandular tissue.

first stage of labor The stage that begins with the first contractions of true labor and is completed when the cervix is fully dilated to 10 cm.

flexion In obstetrics, a situation that occurs when resistance to the descent of the infant down the birth canal causes its head to flex or bend, with the chin approaching the chest, thus reducing the diameter of the presenting part.

fontanelles Openings at the point of union of skull bones, often referred to as soft spots.

footling A breech presentation in which one foot or both feet present.

foramen ovale The opening between the left and right atria in the fetal heart.

forceps Obstetric instruments occasionally used to aid in birth by assisting fetal rotation and/or descent.

foreskin The fold of loose skin covering the end of the penis; prepuce.

fourth trimester The first 12 weeks following birth when family adaptation occurs.

frequency In labor, the period of time from the beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next.

Friedman curve A tool for describing and recording the progress of labor.

full inclusion The process of fully integrating a physically or mentally challenged child into society.

fulminating Occurring rapidly; usually said of a disease.

fundus The upper portion of the uterus between the fallopian tubes.

G

gamete A mature germ cell; an ovum or sperm.

gate control theory Rationale for stimulating larger sensory nerves to obstruct the path of pain stimuli and prevent them from reaching the central nervous system; a method used to cope with pain.

gavage Feeding the patient by means of a stomach tube or a tube passed through the nose, pharynx, and esophagus into the stomach.

gene The smallest unit of inheritance; genes are located on the chromosomes.

genetic code A component in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure that determines the amino acid sequence within each DNA strand.

genetics The study of heredity.

genomics The study of the functions of all of the genes in the human body, with a focus on their interactions with each other and the environment.

genotype The genetic makeup of a living being.

gestation The period of intrauterine development from conception through birth; pregnancy.

gestational age The actual time, from conception to birth, that the fetus remains in the uterus.

gestational diabetes mellitus An endocrine disorder that manifests during pregnancy.

gestational trophoblastic disease Hydatidiform mole; occurs when the chorionic villi degenerate into a cystic mass of small sacs resembling tiny grapes. Chromosomal abnormalities are found in many cases.

glucometer A meter used to measure blood glucose.

glucosuria Glucose in the urine (glycosuria).

gonad A sex gland; ovaries in the female and testes in the male.

Goodell’s sign A probable sign of pregnancy occurring during the second month of pregnancy that involves a softening of the cervix.

graafian follicle The ovarian cyst containing the ripe ovum; it secretes estrogens.

grasp reflex The neonate’s tendency to grasp anything that lightly stimulates the palm; used in determining neurological or muscular maturity of the newborn infant.

gravid Pregnant.

gravida The number of times a woman has been pregnant; a pregnant woman.

guided imagery An alternative therapy in which pleasant mental images of events, feelings, or sensations are employed; used as a distraction method of coping with the pain of labor.

gynecologist A health care provider who specializes in the care and treatment of female reproductive issues including, but not limited to, menstruation, pregnancy, menopause, and various forms of cancer.

H

habilitation A term used to describe the treatment of a patient who is handicapped from birth and therefore is learning, not relearning, a task.

habituation In an infant, the ability to become accustomed to certain noises, voices, etc., within the environment.

Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Enacted in 2003, HIPAA set standards to protect patients’ health information and allow patients access to their medical records and control over how their personal information is disclosed.

Health maintenance organization (HMO) A medical care delivery system that offers health services for a fixed premium; serves people who are financially stable.

Healthy People 2020 A statement of national health promotion and disease prevention objectives or goals that should be attained by the year 2020; it is facilitated by the federal government.

heart failure A cardiac output inadequate to meet the metabolic needs of the body.

heel stick (heel puncture) A method of obtaining neonate blood from the heel for testing.

Hegar’s sign A probable sign of pregnancy that involves softening of the lower uterine segment found upon palpation in the second or third month of pregnancy.

hemangioma A benign tumor of the skin that consists of blood vessels.

herbal medicine An alternative and/or complementary method for treating various ailments by using herbs and plants.

holism An approach to caring for a person that recognizes and adapts to his or her physical, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual nature; a way of relating to the patient as a whole individual or biopsychosocial being rather than just a person with an ailment.

Homans sign On dorsiflexion of the foot, the patient experiences pain in the calf of the leg; used as an indication of thrombophlebitis.

hormone A substance produced in an organ or gland and conveyed by the bloodstream to another part of the body to exert an effect.

hot flash Facial flushing related to vasomotor response to hormonal changes in the perimenopausal woman.

hotline A telephone number staffed around the clock that provides anonymous communication and professional advice in a crisis.

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) The hormone produced by chorionic villi and found in the urine of pregnant women.

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) The organism that causes AIDS. See also AIDS.

hydramnios Polyhydramnios; an excess of amniotic fluid, leading to overdistention of the uterus. Often seen in diabetic pregnant women even if there is no coexisting fetal anomaly.

hydrops fetalis A condition of the fetus in which there is cardiac decompensation, hepatosplenomegaly, and respiratory distress or failure; usually due to erythroblastosis fetalis, infection, or multisystem organ failure of the fetus in utero.

hymen A membranous fold that normally partially covers the entrance to the vagina in a female who has not had vaginal penetration.

hyperbilirubinemia An excessive amount of bilirubin in the blood; more commonly seen in association with hemolytic disorders of the newborn, infection, and extreme cold stress.

hypercapnia An increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.

hyperemesis gravidarum Excessive vomiting during pregnancy, leading to dehydration and starvation.

hyperglycemia An excessive amount of glucose in the blood; seen most often in diabetic patients.

hypernatremia An excessive amount of sodium in the blood.

hypokalemia A potassium deficit in the blood.

hypospadias A developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens on the lower surface of the penis.

hypotension Low blood pressure; can cause symptoms ranging from dizziness to actual episodes of syncope.

hypoxia Inadequate oxygenation of the tissues.

hysterectomy The surgical removal of the uterus only.

I

icterus neonatorum Jaundice in the newborn.

immune response The body’s response to a substance perceived as foreign.

immunoglobulin A protein within the body that can act as an antibody.

implantation The embedding of a fertilized ovum in the uterine mucosa 6 or 7 days after fertilization.

impotence The inability to achieve and/or maintain an erection in the male.

impregnate To make pregnant or to fertilize.

inborn error of metabolism A deficiency of specific enzymes that are needed for normal metabolism and growth. It develops in utero; may be inherited.

incarcerated Confined, constricted.

incest Sexual activities among family members; often seen in father-daughter relationships and less often in mother-son or sibling relationships.

incompetent cervix A mechanical defect in the cervix, making it unable to remain closed throughout pregnancy and resulting in spontaneous abortion.

increment An increase or addition; to build up, as in a contraction.

induction Artificial initiation of labor.

infant mortality rate The number of deaths that occur in the first 12 months of life per 1000 live births.

infertility The inability to produce offspring.

inlet of the pelvis The upper opening into the pelvic cavity.

innominate bone The ilium, the ischium, and the pubis.

integrative therapy Combines complementary and alternative therapy with traditional medicine to facilitate healing; a biopsychosocial approach to care.

internal os The opening found between the cervix and the uterus.

intrapartum The time of onset of true labor, followed by the delivery of the neonate and finally the placenta.

in vitro fertilization Test tube fertilization in which the ripe ovum is collected and fertilized in vitro (in a glass) by sperm. The embryo is then transferred to a woman’s uterus.

involution Rolling or turning inward; reduction in the size of the uterus after delivery.

K

kangaroo care The use of skin-to-skin contact between the neonate or infant and the caregiver; used to promote bonding between the parent and the infant.

karyotype The chromosomal makeup of a body cell, arranged from largest to smallest. The normal number of chromosomes in humans is 46.

Kegel exercise The tightening and relaxing of the pubococcygeal muscles; helps to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles.

kernicterus A grave form of jaundice in the newborn caused by hyperbilirubinemia and resulting in brain damage.

kilogram A unit of measure. One kilogram (kg) is equal to 2.2 pounds (lb), or 1000 mg.

L

labia In obstetrics, the external folds of skin on either side of the vulva.

labia majora The larger, outer folds of skin on either side of the vulva.

labia minora The smaller, inner folds of skin on either side of the vulva.

labor The process by which the fetus is expelled from the uterus; childbirth; confinement; parturition.

labor, delivery, and recovery (LDR) rooms Rooms in which the pregnant patient receives care during labor and delivery and then remains to recover and care for her new infant.

labor dysfunction A pattern of labor that interferes with the normal progression of labor and delivery.

laceration In obstetrics, a tear in the perineum, vagina, or cervix.

lactase The enzyme that breaks down lactose.

lactation The process of producing and supplying breast milk.

lactiferous ducts Tiny tubes within the breast that conduct milk from the acini cells to the nipple.

lactose intolerant Having an inability to adequately digest milk products.

Laminaria Type of kelp or seaweed that can be used to help dilate the cervical canal to aid in delivery of the products of conception (neonate).

lanugo Fine, downy hair seen on all parts of the fetus, except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, by the end of 20 weeks of gestation.

late decelerations A decrease in fetal heart rate during a uterine contraction that continues after the contraction ends.

leiomyoma A tumor in the myometrium of the uterus; also known as a fibroid.

Leopold’s maneuver A method of abdominal palpation used to determine fetal position or placement within the uterus.

let-down reflex A pattern of stimulation, hormone release, and muscle contraction that forces milk into the lactiferous ducts, making it available to the infant; milk ejection reflex.

letting go A phase in the development of the parental role.

libido The sexual drive, be it unconscious or conscious.

lie The position of the fetus described by the relationship of the long axis of the fetus to the long axis of the mother.

lightening Movement of the fetus and uterus downward into the pelvic cavity.

linea nigra A line of darker pigmentation extending from the pubis to the umbilicus; noted in some women during the later months of pregnancy.

lochia The maternal discharge of blood, mucus, and tissue from the uterus; may last for several weeks after birth.

lochia alba White vaginal discharge that follows lochia serosa and lasts from about the tenth to the twenty-first day after delivery.

lochia rubra Red, blood-tinged vaginal discharge that occurs after delivery and lasts 2 to 4 days.

lochia serosa Pink, serous, and blood-tinged vaginal discharge that follows lochia rubra and lasts until the seventh to tenth day after delivery.

L/S ratio The ratio of the amounts of the phospholipids lecithin and sphingomyelin produced by the fetal lungs; useful in assessing fetal lung maturity.

lunar month A 28-day cycle corresponding to the phases of the moon. A normal pregnancy lasts 10 lunar months.

luteinizing hormone (LH) The anterior pituitary hormone responsible for stimulating ovulation and developing the corpus luteum.

M

macrocephaly An abnormally large skull; can be found in infants with hydrocephalus.

macrosomia An abnormally large infant, or neonatal birth weight above the 90th percentile.

mainstream A term used to describe the process of integrating a physically or mentally challenged child into society.

mammary glands Compound glandular elements of the breast that in the female secrete milk to nourish the infant.

mastectomy Surgical removal of a breast.

maternal mortality rate The number of maternal deaths that occur within 42 days after termination of a pregnancy or delivery of a live fetus within 1 year, per 100,000 live births.

McDonald’s sign A probable sign of pregnancy in which the examiner can easily flex the cervix against the body of the uterus.

mechanisms (cardinal movements) of labor The positional changes of the fetus as it moves through the birth canal during labor and delivery.

meconium The first stool of the newborn; a mixture of amniotic fluid and secretions of the intestinal glands.

meconium aspiration syndrome Characteristic symptoms that result from aspiration of meconium in utero. The presence of meconium in the trachea or its appearance on a chest x-ray film helps to confirm this diagnosis.

meconium ileus A condition in which the meconium of the fetus becomes excessively sticky and adheres to the intestinal wall, causing obstruction. It is occasionally seen in babies born with cystic fibrosis.

meconium-stained fluid Amniotic fluid that contains meconium.

megacolon Hirschsprung’s disease; congenital absence of ganglionic cells in a segment of the large bowel, which results in massive dilation of the bowel.

meiosis Cell division to halve the number of chromosomes in ova and sperm (gametes) to 23.

menarche The beginning of menstrual and reproductive functions in girls.

meningomyelocele A sac-like cyst containing the meninges, spinal cord, and fluid that has herniated through the spinal column, usually via some form of anatomical defect of the bony spinal canal.

menopause The permanent cessation of menses.

menstrual cycle The cyclic buildup of uterine lining, ovulation, and sloughing of the lining occurring approximately every 28 days in nonpregnant females.

menstruation (menses) The shedding of uterine lining at the end of the menstrual cycle, resulting in a bloody discharge from the vagina.

meridian An imaginary line that encircles the body; used in some forms of alternative or complementary therapies (see Chapter 34).

mesoderm The intermediate layer of germ cells in the embryo that gives rise to connective tissue, bone marrow, muscles, blood, lymphoid tissue, and epithelial tissue.

metered-dose inhaler (MDI) A device that delivers measured puffs of medication for inhalation.

microcephaly A congenital anomaly in which the head of the newborn is abnormally small.

midwives The certified nurse-midwife (CNM) is a registered nurse who has graduated from an accredited midwife program and is nationally certified by the American College of Nurse-Midwives. The CNM provides comprehensive prenatal and postnatal care and attends uncomplicated deliveries.

milia Very small, white, keratin-filled cysts or papules normally found on a neonate’s face. They generally disappear if left alone.

miliaria Prickly heat; inflammation of the skin caused by sweating.

miscarriage Lay term for spontaneous abortion.

mitosis Cell division in all body cells other than the gametes (ova and sperm).

molding The shaping of the fetal head to facilitate movement through the birth canal during labor.

mongolian spot A benign, blue-hued pigmentation caused by melanin deposits usually found around the lower back or the buttock. It is seen most often in dark-skinned infants and may fade during childhood.

monozygotic twins Two fetuses that develop from a single divided, fertilized ovum; identical twins.

mons veneris The fleshy tissue over the female symphysis pubis from which hair develops at puberty.

Montgomery’s glands (tubercles) Small nodules located around the nipples that enlarge during pregnancy and lactation; secrete a moisturizing substance.

morbidity Term pertaining to incidence of illness and disease.

morning sickness Nausea and vomiting occurring during the first trimester of pregnancy; may occur at any time during the day.

Moro reflex The newborn’s symmetrical response, when jarred, to extend and abduct the extremities in an embracing motion, including a spreading apart of the fingers with the thumb and forefinger forming a C shape. Evidences health of the newborn’s central nervous system.

mortality Term pertaining to incidence of death.

morula A solid mass of cells that develop from the fertilized ovum.

mucous plug A collection of thick mucus that blocks the cervical canal during pregnancy.

multifetal pregnancy A pregnancy in which the woman is carrying two or more fetuses; also called multiple gestation and involve twins, triplets, etc.

multigravida A woman who has previously been pregnant.

multipara A woman who has had more than one pregnancy in which the fetus(es) was (were) viable (20 weeks of gestation).

murmur A sound heard while listening to the heart; caused by blood leaking through openings that have not closed as they should before birth.

mutation A change in genetic material.

N

Nägele’s rule A method of determining the estimated date of delivery (EDD); after obtaining the first day of the last menstrual period, subtract 3 months and add 7 days.

narcotic agonist A drug that is used to reverse narcotic effects.

neonate A newborn infant from birth to 28 days of age.

nesting The provision of an enclosed space bounded by a small blanket roll encircling the preterm infant. It helps to provide a calm, supportive environment for the infant. Also used to refer to the sudden burst of energy some women experience shortly before the onset of labor.

neutral thermal environment An environment that is neither too hot nor too cold; thus, the body does not need to overwork itself to deliver oxygen or increase its metabolic rate to maintain a normal body temperature.

nevus (pl, nevi) A congenital discoloration of an area of the skin, such as a strawberry mark or mole.

nitrazine paper A specially treated type of paper that turns a specific color in the presence of amniotic fluid.

nonnutritive sucking Any sucking activity that is not related to the intake of nutrients.

nonreassuring fetal heart rate An alteration in the normal fetal heart rate that suggests the placenta is not delivering enough oxygen to the fetus, such as a late deceleration.

nonshivering thermogenesis The oxidation of brown fat in the neonate to produce heat to keep warm.

non–stress test (NST) A prenatal assessment method by which the reaction (or response) of the fetal heart rate to fetal movement is evaluated.

nuchal Pertaining to the neck.

nuchal cord A term to describe a situation in which the umbilical cord is wrapped around the fetus’s neck.

nuclear family A family unit that consists of one or more parents and one or more of their children.

nulligravida A female who has never been pregnant.

nullipara A female who has not delivered a live fetus.

nursing care plan Developed as a result of the nursing process, the nursing care plan is a written instrument of communication among staff members that focuses on individualized patient care.

nursing process Developed in 1963, this term refers to a series of steps describing the systematic problem-solving approach nurses use to identify, prevent, or treat actual or potential health problems. The steps in the nursing process include assessment, diagnosis, outcome identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

O

obstetrician A physician specializing in the care of women during pregnancy, labor, birth, and the postpartum period.

obstetrics The branch of medicine concerned with the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.

occiput The posterior part of the skull.

oligohydramnios A decreased amount of amniotic fluid.

oliguria A decrease in urine secretion by the kidney.

omphalocele A herniation of abdominal contents at the umbilicus.

ophthalmia neonatorum Acute conjunctivitis of the newborn, often caused by gonococci or Chlamydia.

opportunistic infection An infection caused by bacteria normally found in the environment that become pathogenic to the body due to a defective immune system; usually seen in immunosuppressed individuals whose CD4 counts have dropped to a critical level, such as patients with cancer or AIDS.

oral contraceptive A medication, taken by mouth, that is used to prevent pregnancy.

orgasm Occurs at the peak or climax of sexual and emotional excitement. In the male, ejaculation generally occurs during orgasm.

orthopnea A condition in which the patient must sit up to breathe.

orthostatic hypotension A decrease in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure while moving from a supine or sitting position to a fully upright position.

Ortolani’s maneuver A maneuver performed while examining a newborn to determine the presence or absence of congenital hip dysplasia.

osteoporosis A decrease in the overall mass of bones due to an increase in the trabeculae of the bone. It can be caused by age, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, diet, and many other factors.

ovarian cycle The changes that the ovarian follicles undergo throughout the menstrual cycle. Days 1 to 14 comprise the follicular phase, and days 15 to 28 comprise the luteal phase.

ovulation The normal process of discharging a mature ovum from an ovary approximately 14 days before the onset of menses.

Ovum (pl, ova) The female reproductive cell; egg.

oxytocics Drugs that intensify uterine contractions to hasten birth or control postpartum hemorrhage.

oxytocin challenge test (OCT) A method of assessing the fetal response to labor by administering an oxytocic drug to stimulate a few labor contractions; used in high-risk pregnancies. See also contraction stress test (CST).

P

paced breathing A breathing technique used during labor to help the woman relax and to increase her pain tolerance.

para A woman who has borne offspring who reached the age of viability (20 to 24 weeks of gestation).

paraphimosis Impaired circulation of the uncircumcised penis due to improper retraction of the foreskin.

parenteral A medication route other than the gastrointestinal tract; can be intravenous, intramuscular, etc.

parity The condition of having borne offspring who attained the age of viability; the number of pregnancies ending after the age of viability.

parturient Pertaining to the act of childbirth; a woman giving birth.

parturition The process of giving birth.

passive acquired immunity Antibodies to a communicable disease are given to the patient.

pediatric nurse practitioner (PNP) The PNP provides ambulatory and primary care for patients.

pediatrics The branch of medicine that deals with the child’s development and care and the diseases of childhood and their treatment.

pelvic rocking (tilt) An exercise to help strengthen abdominal muscles and reduce the strain on the lower back.

pelvis The lower portion of the trunk of the body bounded by the hip bones, the coccyx, and the sacrum.

penis The male organ of copulation, reproduction, and urination.

perinatal mortality rate The number of fetal and neonatal deaths in a given period of time per 1000 live births.

perineum The area of tissue between the anus and the scrotum in males or between the anus and the vagina in females.

Pfannenstiel’s incision A low, transverse incision into the abdomen that is nearly invisible when healed; often used for cesarean section (surgical) deliveries.

phenotype The entire physical, biochemical, and physiologic makeup of an individual as determined both genetically and environmentally.

phenylketonuria (PKU) A genetic disorder caused by the faulty metabolism of phenylalanine, an amino acid essential to life and found in all protein foods. If left untreated, mental retardation can occur.

phimosis Tightening of the prepuce of the uncircumcised penis.

phototherapy The treatment of disease by exposure to light; often used to treat hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn.

pica The eating of substances not ordinarily considered to be edible or to have nutritive value.

pincer grasp The use of the index finger and thumb to grasp an object.

placenta A specialized disk-shaped organ that connects the fetus to the uterine wall for gas, nutrient, and waste exchanges; also called afterbirth.

placenta previa The abnormal placental implantation in the lower uterine segment.

placental soufflé Soft blowing sounds produced by blood coursing through the dilated arteries of the uterus; occur at the same rate as the maternal pulse.

polydactyly A developmental anomaly characterized by the presence of extra fingers or toes.

polyhydramnios An excessive amount of amniotic fluid within the placenta.

postpartum After childbirth.

postpartum hemorrhage Blood loss greater than 500 mL after vaginal birth or 1000 mL after cesarean birth.

precipitate birth A birth that is completed in less than 3 hours, thus often occurring with no trained attendant present.

precipitate labor A labor that begins abruptly and intensifies quickly resulting in rapid passage of the fetus through the birth canal.

preferred provider organization (PPO) A medical care delivery system that contracts with providers for services on a discounted fee-for-service basis for members; serves people who are financially stable.

pregnancy The condition of having a developing embryo or fetus in the body after fertilization of the female egg by the male sperm.

prehension The use of the hands to pick up small objects; grasping.

prenatal Before birth.

presentation The fetal body part that enters the maternal pelvis first.

presenting part The fetal part that first enters the maternal pelvis or that first emerges from the cervix.

presumptive signs of pregnancy Symptoms that suggest pregnancy but do not confirm it, such as cessation of menses, quickening, and morning sickness.

preterm infant Premature infant; an infant born before 37 weeks of gestation.

primigravida A woman who is pregnant for the first time.

primipara A woman who has given birth to her first child (past the point of viability), whether or not that child is living or was alive at birth.

prodromal period The initial symptoms indicating an approaching onset of disease.

progesterone A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, the corpus luteum, and the placenta. Its function is to stimulate the development of the mammary glands and growth of the endometrium and to maintain a pregnancy.

projectile vomiting Vomiting that occurs with force (vomitus landing 2 to 4 feet away).

prolactin A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates lactation or milk production.

prolapsed cord An umbilical cord that becomes trapped between the fetal presenting part and the maternal pelvis.

prostaglandin (PG) A type of unsaturated fatty acid that exerts an effect locally on a tissue and then is enzymatically destroyed. In obstetrics, PGE₂ gel is used on the cervix to help induce labor.

proteinuria The presence of protein in the urine.

pseudocyesis A condition in which the woman has symptoms of pregnancy but in which hormonal pregnancy test results are negative; false pregnancy.

psychoprophylaxis Psychophysical training aimed at preparing the expectant parents to cope with the processes of labor and to prevent their concentrating on the discomforts associated with childbirth.

puberty The period during which the secondary sexual characteristics develop and the ability to procreate is attained.

pudendal block The injection of an anesthetizing agent at the pudendal nerve to produce numbness of the external genitals and the lower third of the vagina.

puerperal morbidity Postpartum fever; a temperature of 38° C (100.4° F) or higher after the first 24 hours and continuing for at least 2 days during the first 10 days after delivery.

puerperium The period after delivery until involution of the uterus is complete, usually 6 weeks.

pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) In the fetus, PVR is the resistance to the flow of blood in the fetal lung tissue.

pulse oximeter Equipment that uses a sensor placed on the skin to determine the level of blood oxygen saturation.

Q-R

quickening The first fetal movements felt by the pregnant woman, usually occurring between 16 and 18 weeks of gestation.

radiant warmer An infant bed providing infrared heat to warm the infant while permitting access to the infant for care or treatment.

radiation Heat loss from the body to a cooler object within the environment. The object does not necessarily have to be touching the body. It can also refer to a mode of therapy used for cancer.

rapport Harmonious relationship.

reflexology Integrative therapy that uses varying degrees of pressure, usually to the hands or the feet, to promote relaxation.

reflux A backward flow of fluid (e.g., vesicoureteral reflux [urine is forced from the bladder into the ureters], gastric reflux [stomach contents flow into the esophagus; it may or may not enter the oral cavity]).

regression Behavior that is more appropriate to an earlier stage of development; often occurs in children as a response to stress.

relaxin A water-soluble protein secreted by the corpus luteum that causes relaxation of the symphysis pubis and facilitates cervical dilation during birth.

retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) Condition in which there is damage to immature retinal blood vessels, which can lead to blindness; thought to be caused by high oxygen levels of arterial blood. Formerly called retrolental fibroplasia.

retractions Abnormal “sucking in” of the chest wall during inspiration; indicates respiratory distress. They can be substernal or intercostal.

Rh factor An antigen present on the surface of blood cells that makes them incompatible with those that do not have the antigen.

rhabdomyosarcoma An extremely malignant neoplasm originating in skeletal muscle.

RhoGAM An immune globulin given to the mother (not the infant) after the delivery of an Rh-positive infant to an Rh-negative mother.

rhythm method A natural form of birth control that requires the woman to chart her menstrual cycles for several months on a calendar. This method is based on the woman ovulating about 14 days before the next menstrual cycle begins and involves proper use of contraception or abstinence during the fertile period.

rickets A disease of the bones caused by a lack of calcium or vitamin D.

ritualism A need to maintain strict structure and routine.

rooting reflex The infant’s tendency to turn the head and open the lips to suck when that side of the mouth or cheek is touched or stroked.

S

sacrum Five fused vertebrae that form a triangle of bone just beneath the lumbar vertebrae and between the hip bones.

salpingitis Inflammation or infection of a fallopian tube.

SBAR A formal method of providing end-of-shift reports, which includes situation, background, assessment, and recommendation.

scoliosis Lateral curvature of the spine.

second stage of labor The stage lasting from complete dilation of the cervix to expulsion of the fetus.

semen Thick, whitish fluid ejaculated by the male during orgasm; contains the spermatozoa and their nutrients.

separation anxiety Distress behavior that occurs when the infant is separated from the parents.

sex chromosomes The X and Y chromosomes that are responsible for sex determination; women have two X chromosomes, and men have one X and one Y chromosome.

sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Refers to infections ordinarily transmitted by direct sexual contact with an infected individual.

shunt A bypass.

Skene’s ducts (paraurethral ducts) The ducts located on either side of the urethra; provide lubrication of the urethra.

smegma A cheeselike substance secreted by the sebaceous glands near the clitoris in the female and under the prepuce of an uncircumcised male.

Snellen alphabet chart A device used to measure near and far vision; a variation of the Snellen E chart.

spermatogenesis The process by which mature spermatozoa are formed and during which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half.

spermatozoa Mature sperm cells produced by the testes.

spina bifida A congenital embryonic neural tube defect in which there is an imperfect closure of the spinal vertebrae. There are two types: occulta (hidden) and cystica (sac or cyst).

spinnbarkeit Elasticity seen in cervical mucus at the time of ovulation.

spontaneous abortion The (unintended) loss of the products of conception before 20 weeks of gestation; miscarriage.

standard precautions Infection control guidelines established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to prevent the spread of infection (see Appendix A).

station The relationship of the presenting fetal part to an imaginary line drawn between the pelvic ischial spines.

statistics The science of gathering and analyzing numerical data.

sterility The inability of the male to impregnate a female; the inability of a female to conceive. It can also refer to the absence of live organisms on an object.

stillbirth The delivery of a dead fetus.

strabismus (cross-eye or squint) A condition in which the child is not able to direct both eyes toward an object at the same time due to a lack of muscle coordination.

striae gravidarum Stretch marks; shiny reddish lines that appear on abdomen, breasts, thighs, and buttocks of pregnant women as a result of the skin’s stretching.

stridor Emission of a shrill sound during respiration; caused by air passing through a narrowed portion of the respiratory tract.

subinvolution A slower-than-expected return of the uterus to its nonpregnant condition. Infection and a retained placenta are the usual causes.

supine hypotension syndrome The lowering of blood pressure while in a supine position; occurs as a result of pressure or the weight of the pregnant uterus on the inferior vena cava.

surfactant A mixture of lipoproteins secreted in the alveoli and air passages that reduces the surface tension within the alveoli and contributes to the expansion of the lungs.

surrogate mother A fertile woman who is impregnated for the purpose of producing a child for another (infertile) couple.

sutures In obstetrics, separation between fetal skull bones that permits molding during the birth process.

T

taking hold The second phase of maternal adaptation in which the mother assumes control of herself and the infant.

taking in The initial maternal adaptation after birth in which passive acceptance of care occurs.

talipes equinovarus Clubfoot.

teratogen A nongenetic factor that can produce malformations of the fetus.

term infant A live-born infant of 38 to 42 weeks of gestation.

testes The male gonads, in which sperm and testosterone are produced.

testosterone The male hormone; responsible for the development of secondary male characteristics.

therapeutic play Guided play that helps children deal with concerns or disabilities and helps nurses gain insight into needs (e.g., blowing bubbles is postoperative therapeutic play designed to help expand lungs).

third stage of labor The period from delivery of the fetus to the time when the placenta has been completely expelled.

thrombophlebitis Inflammation or the formation of a blood clot in or along a vein.

thrombus A blood clot that moves within the circulation.

tissue perfusion Nutrition and oxygenation of tissue resulting from adequate blood flow.

tocodynamometer External device that can be used to identify the pressure of uterine contractions during labor.

tocolytic A drug that inhibits uterine contractions.

tocotransducer An electronic monitoring device used to measure uterine contractions.

TORCH Acronym used to describe a group of infections that represent potentially severe fetal problems if infection occurs during pregnancy. T, toxoplasmosis; O, other agents; R, rubella; C, cytomegalovirus; and H, herpesvirus.

toxic shock syndrome (TSS) An infection usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus and found most often in women of reproductive age who use tampons.

transition The period of labor in which the cervix is dilated to approximately 8 cm, the contractions are very strong, and the laboring woman feels the urge to push.

transplacental Through the placenta (i.e., the exchange of nutrients, waste products, drugs, and hormones).

triage A process used to prioritize care that determines the urgency of illness.

trimester One third of the gestational time for pregnancy.

trophoblast Comprises the nutritive relationship with the endometrium of the uterus.

true labor Labor involving contractions that gradually develop a regular pattern, becoming more frequent and stronger and causing effacement and dilation of the cervix. Changes in the cervix provide the key distinction between true and false labor.

turgor Normal elasticity of the skin.

tympanometry The measurement of mobility of the tympanic membrane of the ear and the estimation of middle ear pressure.

U

ultrasound High-frequency sound waves that may be directed (through the use of a transducer) into the maternal abdomen. The ultrasonic sound waves reflected by the underlying structures of varying densities allow maternal and fetal tissues, bones, and fluids to be identified.

umbilical cord The structure connecting the placenta to the umbilicus of the fetus through which nutrients from the woman are exchanged for waste from the fetus.

umbilicus The navel, or “belly button,” on the abdomen, which forms the attachment of the umbilical cord during fetal life.

uterus A hollow, muscular organ in which the fertilized ovum is implanted and the developing fetus is nourished until birth.

V

vacuum extractor A device to aid the birth of the fetal head by means of suction.

vagina The musculomembranous tube or passageway located between the external female genitals and the uterus.

Valsalva’s maneuver Holding one’s breath or bearing down as though passing stool, thereby increasing intraabdominal and intrathoracic pressure.

variability Describes the fluctuations, or constant changes, in the baseline heart rate; results in a fine sawtooth-shaped tracing on a heart monitor.

varicella Chickenpox.

varicose veins Permanently distended veins.

variola Smallpox.

vas deferens A duct that aids in the transport of sperm and semen into the male urethra.

vasectomy A form of male sterilization in which the vas deferens is cut and ligated.

vector A carrier that transmits an infective agent from one host to another.

ventriculography An x-ray examination of the ventricles of the brain after the injection of air into the ventricles.

vernix caseosa A protective cheeselike, whitish substance made up of sebum and desquamated epithelial cells that is present on fetal skin and the skin of the newborn.

version Turning of the position of the fetus in the uterus before birth; can be spontaneous or manually induced.

vertex The top or crown of the head.

viable Capable of living.

volvulus Twisting of the loops of the small intestine, causing obstruction.

vulva The external structure of the female genitals lying between the mons veneris and the anus.

W

warm line A telephone number staffed around the clock that provides communication and professional advice in a noncrisis situation.

Wharton’s jelly Yellow-white gelatinous material that surrounds and protects the vessels of the umbilical cord.

wheal A large, slightly raised, red or blistered area of skin; may itch.

women, infants, and children (WIC) program A subsidized supplemental food program for mothers and children.

womb A lay term referring to the uterus.

X-Z

X chromosome The female sex chromosome.

Y chromosome The male sex chromosome.

zygote A fertilized ovum.