Fig. 9.1 (a) Axial CT scan of the brain at the time of hemorrhage onset. The large area of increased density (white) represents acute bleeding in the right thalamic area,…

Fig. 8.1 Intermittent oral self-catheterization. Two locations of the catheter tip are possible depending on the patient’s condition The recommended feeding speed is usually 150–200 ml/h when placing the catheter…

Fig. 6.1 Common oral problems in dysphagic patients and older people Assessment of the patient’s dental and oral hygiene status is necessary during the clinical examination, after instrumental investigation with…

Fig. 3.1 Illustration of three physiological models of swallowing : two-stage, four-stage, and process models A brief summary of the current understanding of these swallow stages and the differences among…

Swallowing/deglutition A series of movements that promote bolus transportation from the mouth to the stomach Eating /ingestion The process of taking a bolus into the body by mouth Eating disorder…

Fig. 2.1 Illustration of the midsagittal section of the head and neck regions of the horse The position of the larynx is relatively high in the neck relative to the…

Fig. 4.1 Serious problems in dysphagic patients from the viewpoint of rehabilitation medicine It is imperative that both specialists and general physicians recognize and understand the contribution of dysphagia to…