44Formula feeding Breastmilk is the optimum source of nutrition for babies under 1 year and mothers should be supported and encouraged wherever possible to breastfeed or give expressed breastmilk. However, despite…

73Administration by injection to the woman All midwives must be proficient in the administration of medication by injection. An injection is the process by which medication is given using a…

33Assessing fetal wellbeing in pregnancy and labour The aim of assessing fetal wellbeing in pregnancy and labour is to achieve the birth of a healthy baby. This is can be…

75Medicine administration by oral, rectal, vaginal, topical and inhalation routes Medicines are administered by various routes depending on the condition being treated, the desired site of effect and anticipated speed…

47Maternal venepuncture, including glucose tolerance testing Venepuncture is the entering of a needle into a vein in order to obtain a specimen of blood. Venepuncture can also be used for…

45Other feeding methods For the newborn baby to survive and thrive it must make a successful transition to enteral feeding after birth. Most babies achieve this smoothly and continue to…

43Breastfeeding Breastfeeding is the physiological norm for human babies, and has nurtured their growth and development for 200  000 years. The effects of feeding babies with modified cows’ milk are still coming…