CHAPTER 16 Measurement in Experimental-Type Research Chapter Outline Measurement Process 195 Levels of Measurement 196 Nominal 197 Ordinal 197 Interval 198 Ratio 198 Determining Appropriate Level 198 Measurement Scales 199 Likert-Type Scale 199 Guttman Scale 200 Semantic Differential Scale 200 Confidence…
CHAPTER 8 Language and Thinking Processes Chapter outline Experimental-Type Language and Thinking Processes 84 Sequence of Experimental-Type Research 85 Structure of Experimental-Type Research 86 Concepts 86 Constructs 86 Definitions 86 Variables 87 Hypotheses 87 Plan of Design 88 Bias 88…
CHAPTER 13 Boundary Setting in Experimental-Type Designs Chapter outline Sampling Process 161 Probability Sampling 163 Simple Random Sampling 165 Systematic Sampling 166 Stratified Random Sampling 167 Cluster Sampling 168 Nonprobability Methods 168 Convenience Sampling 169 Purposive Sampling 169 Snowball…
CHAPTER 9 Experimental-Type Designs Chapter outline True-Experimental Designs 103 Randomization 104 Control Group 105 Manipulation 105 True-Experimental Design Variations 105 Posttest-Only Designs 106 Solomon Four-Group Designs 106 Factorial Designs 107 Counterbalance Designs 107 True-Experimental Design Summary 108 Quasi-Experimental Designs 109 Nonequivalent…
CHAPTER 17 Gathering Information in Naturalistic Inquiry Chapter outline Four Information-Gathering Principles 213 Investigator Involvement 213 Information Collection and Analysis 214 Time Commitment in the Field 215 Multiple Information-Gathering Strategies 215 Overview of Principles 216 Information-Gathering…
CHAPTER 5 Developing a Knowledge Base Through Review of the Literature Chapter outline Why Review the Literature? 45 Determine What Research Has Been Conducted on the Topic of Inquiry 45 Determine Level…
CHAPTER 15 Collecting Information Chapter outline Principles of Information Collection 187 Looking, Watching, Listening, Reading, and Recording 188 Asking 188 Interviews 189 Questionnaires 190 Obtaining and Examining Materials 190 Unobtrusive Methodology 191 Secondary Data Analysis 191 Geographic Data 191…
CHAPTER 3 Philosophical Foundations Chapter outline Philosophical Foundations of Experimental-Type Research 25 Philosophical Foundations of Naturalistic Inquiry 26 Implications of Philosophical Differences for Design 26 Research Traditions 27 Experimental-Type Research 27 Naturalistic Inquiry 28 Integrating the…
CHAPTER 7 Formulating Research Questions and Queries Chapter outline Research Questions in Experimental-Type Design 70 Level 1: Questions That Seek to Describe Phenomena 70 Level 2: Questions That Explore Relationships Among Phenomena 72…
CHAPTER 14 Boundary Setting in Naturalistic Designs Chapter outline Ways of Setting Boundaries 176 Geographic Location 176 Cultural Groups 177 Personal Experience 177 Concepts 178 Involving Research Participants 179 Maximum Variation 180 Homogeneous Selection 180 Theory-Based Selection 180 Confirming…
