7 Experimental designs and randomized controlled trials Chapter Contents Introduction The concept of causality Confounding and bias in research studies The use of control groups in applied health research Assignment…
11 Questionnaires Chapter Contents Introduction Questionnaire construction Questions and questionnaire formats Open-ended and closed-response question formats Likert scales and forced-choice response formats The wording and design of questions The overall…
13 Observation Chapter Contents Introduction Overview of different approaches to observation Who is to make the observations? Settings in which observation is conducted Issues in the use of unaided observation…
5 Sampling methods and external validity Chapter Contents Introduction What is sampled in a study Basic issues in sampling Representative samples Incidental samples Random and systematic samples Sample size Sampling…
22 Qualitative data analysis Chapter Contents Introduction Understanding meaning in everyday life Coding qualitative data Predetermined coding Coding and thematic analysis Content analysis Thematic analysis, ‘verstehen’ and grounded theory Interpretation…
8 Surveys and quasi-experimental designs Chapter Contents Introduction Non-experimental research designs Surveys Epidemiology Designs for comparing groups Naturalistic comparison studies Case-control designs Correlational designs Quasi-experimental designs Time-series designs Multiple-group time-series…
23 Critical evaluation of published research Chapter Contents Introduction Guidelines for critical appraisal of research publications Critical evaluation of the introduction in a research paper Adequacy of the literature review …
12 Interviewing techniques Chapter Contents Introduction Interviewing models Methods of conducting interviews The interview process Methods of recording interview information Advantages and disadvantages of interview-recording methods Focus groups The analysis…
1 Foundations of health research Chapter Contents Introduction Knowledge and methods Tradition Reasoning The scientific method Positivist paradigm Observations, description and measurement Generalization and induction Hypotheses and laws Theories Deduction …
3 The research process Chapter Contents Introduction Sequential steps of the research process 1 Research problems and questions 2 Planning 3 Design 4 Data collection 5 Organization and presentation of the data 6 Data analysis 7 Interpretation…
