Gross anatomy of the male reproductive tract
Testes and epididymis The testes are a pair of oval, slightly flattened bodies measuring about 4 cm in length and 2.5 cm in diameter. Together with the epididymides, they lie…
Labor abnormalities
Timely onset of labor and delivery has an important role in pregnancy outcome. Both preterm and postterm births are at higher risk for poor outcomes than pregnancies delivered at term….
Spontaneous pregnancy loss
Ectopic pregnancy Any pregnancy that implants outside of the uterine endometrial cavity is called an ectopic pregnancy. Despite improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this disorder, ectopic pregnancy remains the…
Infertility
Infertility is defined as a diminished capacity to conceive and bear a child. It is not equivalent to sterility, the absolute and irreversible inability to conceive. Clinically, a couple is…
Sexual dysfunction
Prior to 1980, sexual dysfunction of any cause was lumped under the term “impotence” for men and “frigidity” for women. Since then, the classification of sexual disorders has evolved and…
Primary amenorrhea
Primary amenorrhea is defined as failure to menstruate by age 16 in patients with normal secondary sexual characteristics or the failure to menstruate by age 14 in patients with no…
Delayed or absent puberty
html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml”> 29 Delayed or absent puberty Delayed puberty is defined as the absence of secondary sexual characteristics at age 13 in girls and 16 in boys (Chapters 11 and…
Precocious puberty
The remaining cases of complete isosexual precocity are caused by central nervous system (CNS) lesions. These lesions include neoplasms, trauma, hydrocephalus, postinfectious encephalitis, congenital brain defects, tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis…
Contraception
The risk of pregnancy without contraception is 2–4% for each unprotected act of intercourse. In 100 women using no contraception, 85 pregnancies occur per year. Approximately half of all pregnancies…
