Vaginal bleeding
CHAPTER 33 Vaginal bleeding The average menstrual cycle is 28 days. It is considered abnormal if the cycle occurs more often than every 21 days (polymenorrhea) or less often than…
Breast lumps and nipple discharge
CHAPTER 5 Breast lumps and nipple discharge From 80% to 90% of all breast lumps are found by the woman or her partner before diagnosis through clinical breast examination (CBE)…
Affective changes
CHAPTER 3 Affective changes A large percentage of primary care visits have psychological or psychosocial origins. A practitioner must first rule out organic causes for symptoms, mood changes, and behavior…
Urinary incontinence
CHAPTER 31 Urinary incontinence Urinary incontinence is any involuntary loss of urine. It occurs as a result of pathological, anatomical, psychological, or physiological factors that produce obstruction, bladder irritability, or…
Rashes and skin lesions
CHAPTER 25 Rashes and skin lesions Dermatological problems result from a number of mechanisms, including inflammatory, infectious, immunological, and environmental (traumatic and exposure-induced). At times, the mechanism may be readily…
Vaginal discharge and itching
CHAPTER 34 Vaginal discharge and itching Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina that can cause vaginal discharge. Vaginal infections are common in postpubertal women. Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida, and bacterial…
Urinary problems in females and children
CHAPTER 32 Urinary problems in females and children Common adult female urinary concerns include changes in usual urination patterns (frequency, urgency, nocturia, incontinence), changes in urine appearance (color, cloudiness), and…
Low back pain (acute)
CHAPTER 21 Low back pain (acute) A report of acute low back pain (ALBP), although quite common, requires a thorough evaluation. The underlying pathophysiology of back pain is frequently multifactorial…
