28 Care of the patient undergoing hemodialysis Overview/pathophysiology During hemodialysis, blood is removed via a special vascular access, heparinized, pumped through an artificial kidney (dialyzer), and then returned to patient’s…
25 Acute renal failure Overview/pathophysiology Acute renal failure (ARF) is a sudden loss of renal function as a result of reduced blood flow or glomerular injury, which may or may…
26 Benign prostatic hypertrophy Overview/pathophysiology The prostate is an encapsulated gland that surrounds the male urethra below the bladder neck and produces a thin, milky fluid during ejaculation. As a…
24 Venous thromboembolism Overview/pathophysiology Venous thromboembolism (VTE) describes the conditions of deep vein thrombophlebitis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism. The development of VTE is associated with various etiologies and risk factors….
23 Pulmonary arterial hypertension Overview/pathophysiology As blood passes through the pulmonary vasculature, it exchanges CO2 and particulate matter for O2. Normally the pulmonary vascular bed offers little resistance to blood…
22 Hypertension Overview/pathophysiology The incidence of hypertension among adults in the United States is 29%-31%, affecting 58 to 65 million persons, with a continuing rise in incidence and prevalence. Half…
21 Heart failure Overview/pathophysiology Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s metabolic demands. It is…
20 Dysrhythmias and conduction disturbances Overview/pathophysiology Dysrhythmias are abnormal rhythms of the heart’s electrical system. They can originate in any part of the conduction system, such as the sinus node,…
17 Cardiac and noncardiac shock (circulatory failure) Overview/pathophysiology A shock state exists when tissue perfusion decreases to the point of cellular metabolic dysfunction. Shock is classified according to the causative…
14 Respiratory failure, acute Overview/pathophysiology Acute respiratory failure (ARF) develops when the lungs are unable to exchange O2 and CO2 adequately. Clinically, respiratory failure exists when Pao2 is less than…
