Index
A
Abdellah, Faye G., 43-44t
developing criteria for, 174
empiric indicators for, 212-214
exemplar cases of, 166
Accessibility, of theory, 203-204
Action plans, in emancipatory knowing, 80-82
Activist projects, 76
Aesthetic(s)
art and, 129-131
and beauty, 129
history of, 5
illustration of, 2-3
nature of, 129
in nursing, 130-131
overview of, 9-10
Aesthetic knowing, 131-136
conceptual definitions of, 132-136
core premise of, 125
and emancipatory knowing, 79-80
in early literature, 36
establishing meaningful connection with person cared for in, 134
expression of, 9-10
failure to integrate, 19
history of, 5
illustration of, 2-3
knowledge required for, 131-136
meaning and, 10
during patient encounters, 133-134
moral conduction of nursing practice in, 135-136
overview of, 9-10
rationally determining appropriate course of action in, 135
skillful performance of nursing activities in, 134-135
Aesthetic knowledge, in early literature, 36
Aesthetic knowledge development, 125
in fundamental patterns of knowing, 13f
process of, 11-13
Affirmations, 119
Aikins, Charlotte, 34
Allan, Janet, 109
Allies, 76
Alternatives, exploration of, in ethical knowledge development, 100-101
and ethical decision trees, 101-102
Anecdotal accounts, in empiric knowledge development, 169
Antecedent concepts, 177
Antiquity, knowledge development in, 25-26
Appreciation, in aesthetic knowing, 148-150
Apprenticeship learning, 28-29
Art
and aesthetics, 129-131
nature of, 130
in nursing, 130-131
conceptual definitions of, 132-136
as process, 130
transformative, 10
works of, in aesthetic knowing, 146-148
Artistic validity. See Aesthetic(s).
Assumption(s)
factual, 194-195
philosophic, 178
underlying, 178-179
value, 194-195
in each pattern of knowing, 14-15t
in empiric knowing, 14-15t
Authenticity, 8-9
Autonomy, in ethical decision making, 96
Awareness, critical questions and, 74-75
B
Background of study, for theory-linked research, 222
Balance, coordinated, 144b
Barnard, Kathryn, 237
Barnard model, 237-238
Beauty, aesthetics and, 129
Beland, Irene L., 43-44t
Bias, 8-9
Bioethics, 98
Blue Circle Nurses, 30
Body language, in aesthetic knowing, 142-143
Borderline cases, in empiric knowledge development, 171-172
Brown, Esther Lucille, 33
Burgess, Muriel, 37
C
Caring
ethic of, 95-97
by giving, in personal knowing, 114
Carper, Barbara A.
on knowledge development, 49
ethical, 97
personal, 112-115
Cassandra: Radical Feminist Nurses Network, 73
Centering
in emancipatory knowing, 79
practices for, 119-120
Character, in virtue ethics, 94-95
Clarifying, and emancipatory knowing, 79
Clarity, of theory, 198-201
semantic, 198-199
structural, 200-201
Classical literature, in empiric knowledge development, 168
Clinical application, and production of knowledge, 52
Code of ethics, 103
Coincident concepts, 177
Coined words, 199
Community, sense of, in personal knowing, 114
Comparative assessment, in research, 225
Comparative description, of art form, in aesthetic criticism, 148
Comparison groups, in research, 225
Competence, scientific, 11
as expected outcome that flows from theoretic reasoning, 240
Competencies, in practice doctorate, 54-55
Complexity, of theory, 201-202
Concept(s)
developing criteria for, 174
empiric indicators for, 212-214
exemplar cases of, 166
and semantic clarity, 198-199
empiric accessibility of, 203-204
in empiric knowledge development
antecedent, 177
coincident, 177
consequent, 177
formulating criteria for, 172-174
identifying and defining, 176-178
intervening, 177
selection of, 163-165
inadequate, in research, 215
in practice
differentiation of similar, 233
research for refining, 211-216
Conceptual criteria, in practice, 234-235
Conceptual framework(s)
metalanguage of, 45-48
defined, 45-46
health in, 47-48
nursing in, 46
person in, 46-47
society and environment in, 47
Conceptual meaning
in empiric knowledge development
creation of, 156-158
methods for, 162-175
and problems of theoretic development, 174-175
testing of tentative criteria for, 169-172
refining in practice of, 232-235
by differentiating similar concepts, 233
by identifying conceptual and diagnostic criteria, 234-235
by identifying empiric indicators, 232-233
Conceptualization, validity and reliability of, 174
Conclusions, of research, 224-225
Confirmation
defined, 207
of empiric knowledge (See Empiric knowledge confirmation and validation)
Confirmed hypothesis, 181
Conscientização, 78
Consequent concepts, 177
Consistency, of theory
semantic, 199-200
structural, 201
Constructs, 161
Context(s)
in empiric knowledge development
exploration of, 172
of theory, and practice situation, 236
Contextualizing, of theory, 175-182
Contrary cases, in empiric knowledge development, 170
Coordinated balance, 144b
Course of action, rational determination of appropriate, 135
Creative inquiry processes, 17
Creative processes
and fundamental patterns of knowing, 78-80
in empiric knowing, and emancipatory knowing, 78
and fundamental patterns of knowing, 78-80
and emancipatory knowing, 79
practices for, 119-120
Creativity, in aesthetic knowing, 134
Criteria, for concepts, 172-174
Critical analyses, in emancipatory knowing, 80-82
Critical approaches, to knowledge development, 50-51
Critical ethnography, 81-82
Critical feminist analysis, in emancipatory knowing, 81
Critical feminist perspectives, in emancipatory knowing, 81
Critical feminist theory, 50-51
Critical multiplism, 49-50
Critical postcolonialism, 81-82
for each pattern of knowing, 14-15t
in empiric knowledge development, 14-15t
Critical reflection, of theory, 196-205
for accessibility, 203-204
for clarity, 198-201
semantic, 198-199
structural, 200-201
for consistency
semantic, 199-200
structural, 201
defined, 196-197
formation of complete, 205
for generality, 202-203
for importance, 204
questions for, 197
for simplicity, 201-202
Critical theory, and emancipatory knowing, 69-70
Critical thinking, emancipatory knowing and, 68
Critical-social research, 50-51
Critiquing, in emancipatory knowing, 75-80
Cultural status quo, in emancipatory knowing, 5-6
D
Data analysis, for research, 224-225
Data collection, for research, 223-224
Decentering, in personal knowing, 115
Decision trees, in ethical decision making, 101-102
Deconstruction, 51-52
Deduction, in empiric knowledge development, 181-182
Deductive validation, of theoretic relationships, 215
Definition(s)
and semantic clarity, 198-199
defined, 189
in empiric knowledge development, 167-168
explicit vs. implicit, 189
general vs. specific, 189-190
operational, 178
in research, 212-213
in research
inadequate or inconsistent, 215
operational, 212-213
theoretic, 178
Demystification, in emancipatory knowing, 83-84
Description, of theory, 185-196
formation of complete, 195-196
Descriptive ethics, 89-90
Detachment, in ethical decision making, 96
Diagnostic criteria, in practice, 234-235
Dickoff, J., 45
Direct observation, for data collection, 223
Directional hypothesis, 181
Disciplinary knowledge, 3-4
Dock, Lavinia L.
and emancipatory knowing, 63
and knowledge development, 30-31
Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP), 231
Doctorate of Nursing Science (DNS), 54-55
Drake, Austin, 36
Durkheim, Emile, 69-70
Duty, 33-34
E
Ellis, Rosemary, 228
Emancipatory change, praxis and, 7
Emancipatory interest, 70
Emancipatory knowing
concept of, 64-69
and fundamental patterns of knowing, 78-80
critical theory and, 69-70
and critical thinking, 68
failure to integrate, 18
focus of, 2
history of, 5
liberation theory and, 70-71
overview of, 5-7
poststructuralism and, 71
as collective endeavor, 7
at individual level, 6-7
vs. reflective practice, 68-69
and problem solving, 67
rebirth in nursing of, 69-73
and reflective practice, 68-69
Emancipatory knowledge
in early literature, 31-33
expression of, 6
Emancipatory knowledge development, 63
overview of, 6
Embodiment, in art of nursing, 132
Emotion, in aesthetic knowing, 147b
Empiric accessibility, of concepts, 203-204
Empiric grounding, of emerging relationships, 214
Empiric indicators, 178
accessibility of, 203
in practice, 232-233
in research, 212-214
inadequate, 215
Empiric knowing, 11
authentication processes for, 14-15t
and emancipatory knowing, 78
dimensions of, 14-15t
in early literature, 37-38
expression of, 11
failure to integrate, 18
formal expressions of, 14-15t
history of, 5
integrated expressions of, 14-15t
overview of, 11
Empiric knowledge, in early literature, 37-38
Empiric knowledge confirmation and validation
in practice, 228
expected outcomes that flow from, 239-241
functional outcomes as, 240
nurse satisfaction as, 240
quality of care as perceived by recipients as, 241
scientific competence of nurses as, 240
implementation of formal study methods for, 241
importance of, 229-232
methodologic approaches to, 239
for refining conceptual meaning, 232-235
by differentiating similar concepts, 233
by identifying conceptual and diagnostic criteria, 234-235
by identifying empiric indicators, 232-233
for validating theoretic relationships and outcomes, 235-238
explanations of theory as sufficient basis for nursing action in, 237-238
intended context of theory vs. practice situation, 236
research evidence to support theory in, 238
theory goals vs. practice goals in, 236
theory variables vs. practice variables in, 236-237
background of study in, 222
defined, 207
empirical grounding of emerging relationships in, 214
generalizability and usefulness of study in, 226
identifying empiric indicators in, 212-214
isolated, 208-210
literature review in, 222
methodology for, 223-226
analysis of data and conclusions in, 225-226
means for obtaining data in, 223-224
research design in, 224-225
selection of sample in, 224
refining concepts and theoretic relationships in, 211-216
theory-linked
challenges related to, 210-211
ethical considerations in, 211
inappropriate use of theories in, 210
vs. isolated, 208-210
theories as barriers in, 210-211
theory-validating, 217-218
validating relationships through empiric methods in, 215-216
Empiric knowledge development, 152
anecdotal accounts and opinions in, 169
clarification of purpose in, 165
concept(s) in
formulating criteria for, 172-174
identifying and defining, 176-178
selection of, 163-165
conceptual meaning in
creation of, 156-158
methods for, 162-175
and problems of theoretic development, 174-175
testing of tentative criteria for, 169-172
contexts in
exploration of, 172
critical questions in, 14-15t
deduction vs. induction in, 181-182
definitions in, 167-168
exemplar case(s) in, 166-167
borderline, 171-172
contrary, 170
defined, 166
methods for testing of, 169-172
paradoxic, 171-172
related, 170-171
in fundamental patterns of knowing, 13f
literature in
popular and classic, 168
professional, 169
methods for testing tentative criteria in, 169-172
music and poetry in, 169
process of, 11-13
sources of evidence in, 165-169
structuring and contextualizing of, 175-182
values in, 172
visual images in, 168
Empiric theory(ies)
accessibility of, 203-204
clarity of, 198-201
semantic, 198-199
structural, 200-201
consistency of
semantic, 199-200
structural, 201
critical reflection of, 196-205
formation of complete, 205
description of, 185-196
formation of complete, 195-196
as formal expression of empiric knowledge, 11
generality of, 202-203
importance of, 204
simplicity of, 201-202
Empiric-analytic research, 50
Empirics
defined, 11
overview of, 11
Emplotment, therapeutic, 141
Empowerment
in emancipatory knowing, 83-84
in personal knowing, 114
Engels, Friedrich, 70-71
Environment, in metalanguage of nursing conceptual frameworks, 47
Envisioning
in aesthetic knowing, 136-146
and emancipatory knowing, 79-80
Epistemology
in art of nursing, 132
of discipline, 3-4
Ethic(s)
of caring vs. justice, 95-97
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