Health Problems of Toddlers and Preschoolers



Health Problems of Toddlers and Preschoolers


Kathy McCarthy



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http://evolve.elsevier.com/wong/essentials





Infectious Disorders


Communicable Diseases


The incidence of childhood communicable diseases has declined significantly since the advent of immunizations. Serious complications resulting from such infections have been further reduced with the use of antibiotics and antitoxins. However, infectious diseases do occur, and nurses must be familiar with the infectious agent to recognize the disease and to institute appropriate preventive and supportive interventions (Table 14-1). (See also Chapter 30 for a discussion of nursing care for dermatologic conditions.)



TABLE 14-1


COMMUNICABLE DISEASES OF CHILDHOOD



























































DISEASE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT AND COMPLICATIONS NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT
image Chickenpox (Varicella) (Fig. 14-1)





Maintain Standard, Airborne, and Contact Precautions if hospitalized until all lesions are crusted; for immunized child with mild breakthrough varicella, isolate until no new lesions are seen.


Keep child in home away from susceptible individuals until vesicles have dried (usually 1 wk after onset of disease), and isolate high-risk children from infected children.


Administer skin care: give bath and change clothes and linens daily; administer topical calamine lotion; keep child’s fingernails short and clean; apply mittens if child scratches.


Keep child cool (may decrease number of lesions).


Lessen pruritus; keep child occupied.


Remove loose crusts that rub and irritate skin.


Teach child to apply pressure to pruritic area rather than scratching it.


Avoid use of aspirin (possible association with Reye syndrome).

Diphtheria




Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease) (Fig. 14-2)




Exanthem Subitum (Roseola Infantum) (Fig. 14-3)




image Mumps




Measles (Rubeola) (Fig. 14-4)



Prodromal (catarrhal) stage—Fever and malaise, followed in 24 hr by coryza, cough, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots (small, irregular red spots with a minute, bluish white center first seen on buccal mucosa opposite molars 2 days before rash); symptoms gradually increasing in severity until second day after rash appears, when they begin to subside


Rash—Appears 3–4 days after onset of prodromal stage; begins as erythematous maculopapular eruption on face and gradually spreads downward; more severe in earlier sites (appears confluent) and less intense in later sites (appears discrete); after 3–4 days, assumes brownish appearance, and fine desquamation occurs over area of extensive involvement


Constitutional signs and symptoms—Anorexia, abdominal pain, malaise, generalized lymphadenopathy



Pertussis (Whooping Cough)



Catarrhal stage—Begins with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection, such as coryza, sneezing, lacrimation, cough, and low-grade fever; symptoms continue for 1–2 wk, when dry, hacking cough becomes more severe


Paroxysmal stage—Cough most common at night; consists of short, rapid coughs followed by sudden inspiration associated with a high-pitched crowing sound or “whoop”; during paroxysms, cheeks become flushed or cyanotic, eyes bulge, and tongue protrudes; paroxysm may continue until thick mucous plug is dislodged; vomiting frequently follows attack; stage generally lasts 4–6 wk, followed by convalescent stage


Infants younger than age 6 mo may not have characteristic whoop cough but have difficulty maintaining adequate oxygenation with amount of secretions, frequent vomiting of mucus and formula or breast milk


Pertussis may occur in adolescents and adults with varying manifestations; cough and whoop may be absent; however, as many as 50% of adolescents may have a cough for ≤10 wk (American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases, 2009)


Additional symptoms in adolescents include difficulty breathing and posttussive vomiting


(See also Immunizations, Chapter 10, for discussion of pertussis immunization schedule.)



Preventive—Immunization; current belief is that childhood immunizations for pertussis do not confer lifelong immunity to adolescents and adults, so a pertussis booster is recommended for adolescents (see Chapter 10, Schedule for Immunizations)


Antimicrobial therapy (e.g., erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin)


Supportive—Hospitalization sometimes required for infants, children who are dehydrated, or those who have complications


Increased oxygen intake and humidity


Adequate fluids


Intensive care and mechanical ventilation if needed for infants younger than age 6 mo


Complications—Pneumonia (usual cause of death in younger children)


Apnea (infants <1 yr)


Atelectasis


Otitis media


Seizures


Hemorrhage (scleral, conjunctival, epistaxis; pulmonary hemorrhage in neonate)


Weight loss and dehydration


Hernias (umbilical and inguinal)


Prolapsed rectum


Complications reported among adolescents include syncope, sleep disturbance, rib fractures, incontinence, and pneumonia (American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases, 2009)



Maintain isolation during catarrhal stage; if child is hospitalized, institute Droplet Precautions.


Obtain nasopharyngeal culture for diagnosis.


Encourage oral fluids; offer small amount of fluids frequently.


Ensure adequate oxygenation during paroxysms; position infant on side to decrease chance of aspiration with vomiting.


Provide humidified oxygen; suction as needed to prevent choking on secretions.


Observe for signs of airway obstruction (increased restlessness, apprehension, retractions, cyanosis).


Encourage compliance with antibiotic therapy for household contacts.


Encourage adolescents to obtain pertussis booster (Tdap) (see also Immunizations, Chapter 10).


Use Standard Precautions and mask in health care workers exposed to children with persistent cough and high suspicion of pertussis.


Cough medicine unlikely to help and not recommended for children younger than age 2 yr (http://www.fda.gov, 2008)

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Jan 16, 2017 | Posted by in NURSING | Comments Off on Health Problems of Toddlers and Preschoolers

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