CHAPTER 15
Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this chapter, the nurse will:
1. Summarize the different disorders of the gastrointestinal system
2. Examine approaches to assess different disorders of the gastrointestinal system
3. Determine approaches that can be used for more than one gastrointestinal disorder
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Disorders of the gastrointestinal system can be categorized according to the body area or organ affected. The disorders identified are the most common ones appropriate for telephonic care and include:
Stomatitis
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Gastric ulcers/duodenal ulcers
Small bowel obstruction
Crohn’s disease
Ulcerative colitis
Irritable bowel syndrome
Diverticulitis/diverticulosis
Appendicitis
Liver cirrhosis
Hepatitis
Cholelithiasis
Cholecystitis
Acute pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis
Eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
ASSESSING DISORDERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
Remember that the client is already diagnosed with a gastrointestinal problem. When providing telephonic care, you are assessing the client’s current condition, symptoms, and if anything has changed or needs to be referred to the health care professional.
Health Problem | Question |
Stomatitis | When did you start having mouth ulcers? |
| What was the reason they developed?
|
| How are the ulcers right now? |
| Are you using any specific medicine for them? If so,
|
| Do the ulcers cause you much pain? If so,
|
| Have you changed your diet because of the ulcers? If so,
|
| Have you gained/lost weight because of the mouth ulcers? |
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of the mouth ulcers? |
GERD | When were you diagnosed with GERD? |
| What were you told was the reason that it developed? |
| What symptoms do you experience when the GERD is “acting up”? Such as,
|
| What causes the symptoms? For example,
|
| Have you been avoiding certain foods because of it? Such as foods that are:
|
| What medicine are you taking for the GERD?
|
| What else have you been instructed to do to help with the GERD, such as:
|
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of the GERD? |
Gastric/duodenal ulcers | When were you told that you had a gastric/duodenal ulcer? |
| What were/are your symptoms? Such as:
|
| Are you taking an antibiotic as treatment for the ulcer? If so,
|
| Are you taking any other medicine for the ulcers?
|
| Have you been told to avoid certain things because of the ulcer, such as:
|
| Have you ever been hospitalized because the ulcers were bleeding?
|
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of the ulcers? |
Small bowel obstruction | When were you told you had an obstruction in your small intestine? |
| What were you told was the reason the obstruction occurred? |
| What symptoms did you have/are you having now because of the obstruction such as:
|
| What treatment have you been prescribed for the obstruction? |
| Are you scheduled for/planning to have surgery for the obstruction? If so,
|
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of the ulcers? |
Irritable bowel syndrome | When were you told you have irritable bowel syndrome? |
| What are your symptoms? Such as:
|
| What medicine have you been taking for the irritable bowel syndrome?
|
| What other changes have you made because of the irritable bowel syndrome such as:
|
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of the irritable bowel syndrome? |
Ulcerative colitis | When were you told that you have this disorder? |
| What are your symptoms? Such as
|
| What medicine are you taking for the ulcerative colitis?
|
| What other things have you changed because of the ulcerative colitis, such as:
|
| Has your doctor or health care professional said anything about needing surgery for the problem? |
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of the ulcerative colitis? |
Crohn’s disease | When were you told that you have this disease? |
| What symptoms of the disease are you having right now?
|
| What medicine are you taking for the disease? Is it helping? |
| What other things have you changed because of the disease? Such as:
|
| Have you ever had surgery because of the disease? If so, when was this done?
|
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of the Crohn’s disease? |
Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis | When were you told that you have diverticulitis/diverticulosis? |
| What were your symptoms?
|
| What treatment were you prescribed for the health problem?
|
| What medicine are you taking for the health problem? |
| Have you ever been in the hospital for the health problem? |
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of the diverticulitis/diverticulosis? |
Appendicitis | When were you told that you had appendicitis? |
| What were your symptoms?
|
| What treatment did you have for the appendicitis? |
| Did you have surgery to remove the appendix? If so, when was this done? |
| Did you have any fevers or an infection after the appendix was removed? |
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of the appendix problem? (Keep in mind that the pain of appendicitis can be severe. If the pain suddenly stops or disappears, the appendix could have ruptured. This is an emergency situation requiring surgery to prevent peritonitis.) |
Hemorrhoids | When were you told that you have hemorrhoids? |
| When did you first notice a problem? Was it:
|
| What symptoms do you have because of the hemorrhoids? |
| What medicine do you use for the hemorrhoids?
|
| Have you been told that you need surgery for the hemorrhoids? If so, when was it/will it be done? |
| Have you had to make any other changes because of the hemorrhoids? |
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of the hemorrhoids? |
Liver cirrhosis | When were you told that you have liver cirrhosis? |
| What were you told was the reason that the condition developed? |
| What symptoms are you experiencing right now? Such as:
|
| Have you been in the hospital for the cirrhosis? Was it because of bleeding from your stomach or esophagus? |
| What medicine are you taking for the cirrhosis, such as:
|
| What other treatment have you been prescribed for the cirrhosis such as:
|
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of the cirrhosis? |
Hepatitis | When were you told that you have/had hepatitis? |
| What type of hepatitis were you told that you had/have? A, B, or C? |
| What were you told was the reason you developed hepatitis?
|
| What symptoms are you currently experiencing?
|
| What medicine are you taking for the hepatitis? |
| Were you given vaccinations to prevent any future episodes of hepatitis? |
| Were you prescribed any other treatment for the hepatitis? |
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of the hepatitis? |
Cholelithiasis/Cholecystitis | When were you told that you have a problem with your gallbladder? |
| What were you told was/is the problem?
|
| What symptoms are you having right now because of your gallbladder?
|
| What medicine have you been taking for the gallbladder problem? Is it helping with the pain? |
| What other things are you doing to help with the gall bladder problem:
|
| Are you scheduled for/planning to have surgery to remove your gallbladder?
|
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of your gallbladder? |
Pancreatitis | When were you told that you have a problem with your pancreas? |
| What were you told was the reason that you have a problem with your pancreas? |
| What symptoms are you having right now because of your pancreas?
|
| What medicine are you taking for your pancreas?
Is it helping with the symptoms? |
| What else have you been directed to do to help with your pancreas problem?
|
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of your pancreas? |
Eating disorder: anorexia nervosa/bulimia nervosa | The patient/client may not refer to this disorder with the appropriate name. It may be referred to as not eating or avoiding food. For bulimia, it might be referred to as binge eating or vomiting after eating. |
| When did you realize that you have a problem with eating food? |
| What happens when you eat food?
|
| Do you ever make yourself throw up after eating?
|
| Have you ever been hospitalized because you were not eating/throwing up too much? |
| Have you ever had to have food replacements given to you through your veins or through a tube that goes into the stomach? |
| How are you feeling right now? When was the last time that you ate something/felt the need to throw up? |
| For what reasons have you been directed by your doctor or health care provider to seek additional medical care because of your eating problem? |
SUGGESTIONS FOR GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Find out the term or words the client uses to describe the problem. Some clients may not want to say “diarrhea” or “constipation.” Alternative terms might be “loose bowels” or having problems with “doing a job.”
Ask first how the client is currently feeling with the health problem. Usual symptoms can be assessed afterward.
Determine if the client is prescribed any specific medication or treatment for the health problem. Ask if the client has been adhering to what has been prescribed and if the treatment or medication has helped. If the client is not adhering to the prescribed treatment or medication, find out why. Brainstorm ways with the client to help improve adherence if possible.
Reinforce prescribed treatment or therapy. Do not suggest alternative treatment approaches.
Once the acute/chronic gastrointestinal problem has been assessed, find out if the client is having any other problems.
Listen for the client’s responses to your questions. They may not want to talk directly about the health problem but mention it with other health issues. For example, a patient/client may say that they can’t tolerate milk because it makes the stomach hurt and causes diarrhea.
It is unlikely that a client with stomach/colon cancer will be enrolled in a disease management program. If you learn that a client has this disease process, any of the questions suggested for the other gastrointestinal health problems would be appropriate to use for an assessment.
Be sure to give the client sufficient time to discuss the problem, medications, treatments, or any other therapy to prevent exacerbation of the health problem.
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