Vitamins and Minerals
1 Specify the signs and symptoms of the various vitamin deficiencies and toxicities
VITAMIN
DEFICIENCY
TOXICITY
A
Night blindness, scaly rash, xerophthalmia (dry eyes), Bitot spots (debris on conjunctiva); increased infections
Pseudotumor cerebri, bone thickening, teratogenic
C
Scurvy (hemorrhages/skin petechiae, bone, gums; loose teeth; gingivitis), poor wound healing, hyperkeratotic hair follicles, bone pain (from periosteal hemorrhages)
D
Rickets, osteomalacia, hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia, nausea, renal toxicity
E
Anemia, peripheral neuropathy, ataxia
Necrotizing enterocolitis (infants)
K
Hemorrhage, prolonged prothrombin time
Hemolysis (kernicterus)
B1 (thiamine)
Wet beriberi (high-output cardiac failure), dry beriberi, (peripheral neuropathy), Wernicke and Korsakoff syndromes
B2 (riboflavin)
Angular stomatitis, dermatitis
B3 (niacin)
Pellagra (dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea), stomatitis
B6 (pyridoxine)
Peripheral neuropathy, stomatitis, convulsions in infants, microcytic anemia, seborrheic dermatitis
Peripheral neuropathy (only B vitamin with toxicity)
B12 (cobalamin)
Megaloblastic anemia plus neurologic symptoms
Folic acid
Megaloblastic anemia without neurologic symptoms
2 Specify the signs and symptoms of the various mineral deficiencies and toxicities
MINERAL
DEFICIENCY
TOXICITY
Iron
Microcytic anemia, koilonychia (spoon-shaped fingernails)
Hemochromatosis
Iodine
Goiter, cretinism, hypothyroidism
Myxedema
Fluoride
Dental caries (cavities)
Fluorosis with mottling of teeth and bone exostoses
Zinc
Hypogeusia (decreased taste), rash, slow wound healing
Copper
Menkes syndrome (X-linked; kinky hair, mental retardation)
Wilson disease
Selenium
Cardiomyopathy and muscle pain
Loss of hair and nails
Manganese
“Manganese madness” in miners of ore (behavioral changes/psychosis)
Chromium
Impaired glucose tolerance
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