The upper airway is the route by which air first travels from the environment into the trachea, then through the lower airways into the lungs, in order for gaseous exchange to occur (Figure 8.1). Assessment of the upper airway is A of the ABCDE assessment and has priority as airway problems can quickly lead to deterioration, with complete airway obstruction leading to death within a few minutes. Any airway problems must be recognised and dealt with promptly by appropriately trained and competent healthcare practitioners. The upper airway (Figure 8.1) comprises the nose, oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. The primary functions of the upper airway are:

• To conduct air from the environment to the lower airways.
  
• To warm and humidify inspired air.
  
• To prevent foreign particles from entering the lower airways.

If the upper airway becomes obstructed due to swelling or the presence of a foreign body, hypoxia, respiratory arrest and death will occur quickly unless prompt action is taken. Assessment of the airway is always the first procedure to be carried out in any acute situation. The airway may become partially obstructed or completely obstructed. Accurate assessment and recognition of the problem will determine the appropriate and effective action to take.

The best approach to airway assessment is first of all to look