1. The answer is b. The organization of the central nervous system in school-age children is like that in adults, contributing to better physical coordination. There is an increase in muscle mass relative to body weight. Body proportions change during the school years. Children have a lower center of gravity. There is an increase in leg length, a decrease in head size, and a decrease in waist size relative to height. All of these changes contribute to physical agility, so that riding a bike, kicking a soccer ball, or hiking a mountain trail is easier and more coordinated.

2. The answer is d. Malnourished children in the United States tend to be obese, not thin, because they consume too much fat and sugar, mostly in junk foods. Their families use more high-fat, low-cost packaged foods, such as macaroni and cheese, and eat fewer fresh fruits and vegetables. Also, the average child who watches 4 hours of television per day is not playing outside, expending energy, strengthening muscles and bones, and increasing aerobic capacity.

3. The answer is d. In school-age children, concrete operational thinking consists of mental operations that allow children to do mentally what had to be experienced physically before. Actions can be played out in their minds, giving them more flexibility for solving problems than during the preschool years. Concrete thought is characterized by decreasing centration, reversibility of a mental sequence, set identity, conservation of physical properties, classification skills, and inability to think abstractly.

4. The answer is b. “Hierarchical classification” refers to the ability to understand the relationship between subordinate and superordinate classes. Matrix classification skills are more complex. Children can categorize things along two dimensions simultaneously—for example, baseball teams by player positions. A 2-by-2 matrix might consist of two rows of teams (Red Sox and Yankees) and 2 columns of positions (pitchers and catchers). This matrix can expand or be rearranged to include multiple teams, positions, years, and players.

5. The answer is a. Sternberg recognized that intelligence reflects the context in which it is embedded. That is, different cultures value different skills and place a greater premium on them.

6. The answer is d. Gardner believed that we can no longer view intelligence as a unitary concept. Rather, different tasks require different intelligences.

7. The answer is b. The DUPE model offers several clear guidelines for solving problems in a logical manner.

8. The answer is b. No one should be forced to use a technique with which he or she is uncomfortable. Both children and adults, depending on their personality and experience, will determine what is best for them.

9. The answer is c. Kohlberg relied on moral dilemmas to discover the level of a person’s moral development. This method forced subjects to indicate why they thought as they did.

10. The answer is d. Gilligan believed that Kohlberg’s dependence on male subjects neglected women’s viewpoints. She argued that women traveled a different path of moral development.

11. The answer is a. LEP stands for limited English proficiency. With the great wave of immigration that has swept across the United States, many children in U.S. classrooms now have difficulty with English.