22. Principles of drug administration
administration of medicines per rectum
CHAPTER CONTENTS
Enemas160
General principles160
Role and responsibilities of the midwife161
Summary161
Self-assessment exercises161
References161
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Having read this chapter the reader should be able to:
• describe the safe administration of suppositories and enemas, making differentiations accordingly
• discuss the role and responsibilities of the midwife in relation to per rectum (P.R.) administration.
Medicines inserted into the rectum have two predominant actions:
1. for laxative purposes
2. systemic treatment (sometimes called retention suppositories), e.g. analgesia, antiemetic.
The rectum has a good blood supply and drugs can be absorbed quickly. It is a useful route for the administration of some medicines if the woman is nil by mouth, unconscious or vomiting. This chapter reviews the correct procedure and discusses the role and responsibilities of the midwife.
Suppositories
The medication is contained within the pellet that dissolves in the rectum. Suppositories for laxative use vary in their action; widely used glycerin suppositories are designed to melt in the faeces and so soften them. Other types of suppository (e.g. bisacodyl, a stimulant laxative) need to be placed between the faeces and rectal wall. The instructions should be checked prior to administration. Suppositories for systemic use are often firm in texture. Their absorption is enhanced if the rectum is empty and the suppository is placed against the rectal wall.
Which way are they inserted?
The shaping of suppositories has traditionally suggested to practitioners that they should be inserted tapered end first. There is, however, a debate about this. Abd-el-Maeboud et al (1991) considered the anatomy and physiology of the rectum and believed that inserting a suppository blunt end first would facilitate its retention better than if inserted tapered end first. This caused a change in practice (Moppett 2000), but Kyle (2009) has questioned this change. Kyle (2009) considers that Abd-el-Maeboud’s trial had a dubious methodology; it particularly failed to differentiate between systemic and laxative suppositories. Abd-el-Maeboud et al (1991) suggest that if inserted blunt end first the anatomy of the rectum ‘sucks’ the suppository in as the sphincter closes. This means that it is not necessary to insert the administering finger further than pushing the suppository in. Kyle (2009) points out that the necessity for some laxative suppositories to sit against the rectum wall means that it is necessary to insert them 2–4 cm into the rectum. Abd-el-Maeboud et al (1991) believe that inserting a suppository tapered end first prevents the anal sphincter from closing properly. The manufacturers continue to suggest that tapered end first is correct in line with their product licence (Bradshaw & Price 2007). Johnson & Taylor (2000 & 2005) supported the idea that suppositories for systemic use should be inserted blunt end first while laxative ones should be inserted tapered end first. As Kyle (2009) suggests, if this issue is of considerable significance then further rigorous research is needed promptly. The reader should be aware of the devolving argument, any future studies and their locally agreed protocol.