Upon completion of this chapter, the learner will be able to: 1. Define the key terms that relate to the chapter. 2. Calculate the mean, median, and mode. 3. Identify how samples can be obtained. 4. Determine the probability of an occurrence. 5. Discuss how basic statistics are used in the health care fields. 6. Establish variances and standard deviation for a data set. • To establish quality control levels for equipment • To establish range for normal blood test • To determine insurance reimbursement based on treatment plans • To determine payment for procedures • To determine which vaccinations are beneficial and at what ages • To conduct research on medications • To conduct research on cures for diseases • To determine mortality rate • The students did not understand the information. • The test did not reflect the knowledge that was presented. If your professor uses a weighted grading scale (Figure 11-1), this strategy will not accurately compute your grade. The student must take into account each component’s percentage in relationship to the whole. A quick explanation for computing weighted grades is to: 1. Determine your percentage by dividing the total number of points you received by the total number of points available. 2. Multiply the grade percentage by the weighted value. 3. Add the weighted value scores together to determine your grade percentage. In this chapter, calculations are based on all values having an equal weight. Determine the mean for each set of numbers. Write your answers using significant figures. 1. 22, 35, 67, 99, 108l, 151, 223, 67, 59, 42 ___________________________ 2. 0.08, 1.09, 2.27, 4.3, 0.007, 0.55, 6.6 ______________________________ 3. 325, 130, 65, 95, 128, 42, 140, 35, 240 _____________________________ 4. 45, 90, 55, 120, 150, 38, 15 ______________________________________ 5. 2.25, 4.75, 3.33, 8.92, 6.79, 10.89, 2.02 ____________________________ 6. $44.55, $23.55, $89.90, $145.67, $203.11, $571.22 ___________________ 7. 0.003, 1.003, 0.006, 2.27, 0.8907, 1.5779, 2.267, 4.334 ________________ 8. 10, 12, 15, 9, 11, 8, 4, 14, 7, 6, 3, 8 _______________________________ 9. 98, 93, 88.5, 84.5, 76, 50, 99, 76.5 _______________________________ 10. 444, 333, 555, 666, 222, 111, 888, 999, 777 _________________________ When the data set contains an odd number of values, the median can be determined by following the steps in the box strategy 11-3. STRATEGY 11-3 1. Write the number set from lowest to highest value. 2. Since this data set has an odd number, add 1 to the total number of data values. 3. Divide the answer from step 2 by 2. 4. Starting from the lowest values, count over (or down, if your list is vertical) to the fourth value of the list. This is your median. Determine the mode for each of the following data sets. Write your answer using significant figures. 1. 35, 34, 31, 40, 36, 33, 33332, 31 _________________________________ 2. 104, 110, 120, 110, 115, 118, 119, 106 ___________________________ 3. 99, 98, 95, 94, 95, 99, 97, 98, 95, 94, 95, 95, 99, 98, 97, 96, 99 ______________________________ 4. 0.09, 0.07, 0.01, 0.02, 0.09, 0.02, 0.01, 0.03, 0.01, 0.08, 0.07, 0.02, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 __________________________ 5. 33, 22, 33, 45, 33, 55, 46, 33, 72, 78, 88, 90, 33, 11, 12, 33, 22, 22, 45, 33, 40 ________________________________ 6. 12.99, 10.99, 12.99, 14.99, 39.99, 12.99, 9.99 ____________________ 7. 19.99, 109.99, 9.99, 99.99, 19.99, 14.99, 9.99, 109.99, 109.99, 9.99, 9.99, 9.99, 109.99 _______________________________ 8. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3,3,2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3 __________________________ 9. -2, -4, -4, -5, -6, -3, -3, -2, -2, -1, -1, -1, -2, -6, -6, -6 __________________________ 10. 60, 65, 67, 69, 60, 65, 65, 67, 69, 60, 60, 60, 68, 60 ______________ Determine the mean, median, and mode for each of the following number sets. Write your answer using significant figures. 1. 35, 33, 31, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 33, 35, 33, 35, 31, 33 2. 185, 182, 183, 190, 191, 183, 185, 188, 189, 187, 185, 185 3. 1.2, 0.9, 0.8, 1.4, 1.5, 0.8, 0.7, 0.8 4. 14, 18, 16, 13, 11, 19, 20, 10, 18, 13, 15, 13, 13, 18 5. 2.62, 2.62, 2.56, 2.58, 2.60, 2.61, 2.64, 2.61, 2.62, 2.63, 2.64, 2.64, 2.62, 2.62 Solve the following word problems. 7. You conducted a study regarding birth order. You asked students in four of your classes to participate. Students were allowed to participate only once in the survey. Following are your results: 8. While collecting the data for question 7, you found out the following information regarding multiple births found in families: 9. The following data set includes days of stay for a patient with an appendectomy: 10. The following counties reported an outbreak of meningitis:
Introduction to Statistics
MATH IN THE REAL WORLD 11-1
How Statistical Information Is Used in Health Care
Objective 2
Average and mean
Objective 2
Median
STRATEGY 11-2
Determining the Median: Even Number in Data Set
Determining the Median: Odd Number in Data Set
Objective 2
Mode
The instructor has posted the grades for the last exam:
99, 97, 89, 89, 90, 92, 93, 89, 89, 87, 80, 84, 84, 84, 89, 95
The mode is 89 because this value occurred five times within the data set.
BUILDING CONFIDENCE WITH THE SKILL 11-1
Oldest:
25
5th Child:
3
Youngest:
31
6th Child:
0
2nd Child:
14
7th Child:
1
3rd Child:
9
8th Child:
2
4th Child:
11
Only Child:
20
Butler:
12
Montgomery:
5
Warren:
10
Clinton:
3
Hamilton:
8
Greene:
6
Preble:
6
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MATH IN THE REAL WORLD 11-2
STRATEGY 11-1
PRACTICE THE SKILL 11-1
HUMAN ERROR 11-1
STRATEGY 11-4
PRACTICE THE SKILL 11-3