There are newer theories of intelligence that help us understand how people learn to think:
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences identifies eight kinds of intelligence: linquistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal, and naturalistic.
Sternberg’s triarchic model of intelligence proposes three primary aspects to human intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.
TERMS
Theory of multiple intelligences
Triarchic model of intelligence
RECENT THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Several recent theories have been proposed to explain intelligence and cognitive development. Two of these—Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences and Robert Sternberg’s triarchic model of intelligence—seem particularly significant.
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner’s (1993)theory of multiple intelligences helps to explain the diverse abilities of individuals who are capable of penetrating mathematical vision but who are baffled by the most obvious musical symbols. To explain this phenomenon, Gardner identified eight kinds of intelligence, any one of which may be outstanding in a particular individual (Table 46-1):
1.Linguistic intelligence. Gardner’s first category is linguistic intelligence—that is, language. By studying damage to the language-related areas of the brain, researchers have identified the core operations of any language (phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics).
2.Musical intelligence. The early appearance of musical ability (in individuals such as Yehudi Menuhin) suggests a biological basis for musical intelligence. The right hemisphere of the brain seems particularly important for music, and musical notation clearly indicates a basic symbol system.
3.Logical-mathematical intelligence. Logical-mathematical intelligence is probably what most people think of as intelligence. Gardner used Piaget’s ideas to trace the evolution of scientific thinking.
4.Spatial intelligence. Gardner believed that the abilities to perceive the visual world accurately, to manipulate initial perceptions, and to recreate aspects of visual experiences identify spatial intelligence. Spatial intelligence becomes obvious during middle childhood, as children produce advanced drawings, explain the relationships on a map, and excel at putting puzzles together.
5.Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. Control of bodily motions and an ability to handle objects competently are indications of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. It is clear that intelligence is a critical component of expert physical performance. During middle childhood, children’s physical acts (e.g., throwing, catching) become highly coordinated. Some become so adept that even at this early age they are skilled athletes, dancers, and so on.
Table 46-1 Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Type of Intelligence
Meaning
Linguistic
Communication, a preeminent example of human intelligence
Musical
Linked to brain location and a basic symbol system
Logical-mathematical
What is usually meant by “intelligence”
Spatial
Linked to brain location and symbol systems
Bodily-kinesthetic
Smooth development of bodily movements and adaptation
Interpersonal and intrapersonal
Linked to frontal lobe of brain; recognize what is distinctive in others and self
Naturalist
Ability to discriminate among categories; classification skill; linked to brain’s tendency to match patterns
Source: Adapted from Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind. New York: Basic Books; Gardner, H. (1995). Leading minds. New York: Basic Books; Gardner, H. (1997). Multiple intelligences as a partner in school improvement. Educational Leadership, 55(1), 20-21.
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RECENT THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
