I



I




iatrogenic caused by treatment.


ichthyosis rare congenital skin abnormality characterised by scaliness and desquamation of skin of whole body.


icterus jaundice; yellow staining of skin and mucous membranes due to excess bile pigments in blood and tissues. I. neonatorum jaundice of newborn. I. gravis neonatorum severe jaundice of newborn, usually caused by Rhesus isommunisation.


ICSI See intracytoplasmic sperm injection.


identical exactly alike. I. twins twins of same sex developed from single fertilised ovum; monozygotic twins.


identification of baby babies born in hospital or birth centre should have two labels attached to their wrists, which state name, sex, date and time of birth, in order to avoid errors which could mean baby being given to wrong mother. Information should match case notes and are repeated on cot card. Name bands should remain on baby until transfer home from hospital. If information on wristbands becomes illegible or one band is lost, two new name bands should be prepared, verified by mother and put onto baby’s wrists in mother’s presence, and replacement documented in notes.


ideology science of development of ideas; body of ideas characteristic of individual or social unit.


idiopathic of unknown cause.


idoxuridine analogue that prevents replication of DNA viruses; used topically in herpes simplex keratitis.


ileocaecal valve valve at junction of the ileum and the caecum.


iliococcygeus muscle deep muscle in pelvic floor, originating from fascial covering of obturator internus muscle and directed posteriorly and medially; converges with pubococcygeus where it inserts into coccyx and lower sacrum.


ileum last part of small intestine, terminating at caecum.


ileus paralysis of wall of gut; functional obstruction preventing peristaltic action; complication of Caesarean section and other abdominal operations. Meconium i. See cystic fibrosis.


iliac pertaining to ilium. I. crest crest of hip bone. I. fossa large shallow depression forming much of inner surface of ilium above pelvic brim.


iliopectineal pertaining to ilium and pubes. I. line ridge crossing innominate bone from sacroiliac joint to I. eminence, small protrusion marking fusion of ilium and os pubis.


ilium upper broad part of innominate bone.


imaging production of diagnostic images, e.g. radiography, ultrasonography, scintigraphy.


imipramine tricyclic antidepressant drug used in treatment of perinatal psychiatric disorders, considered safe in pregnancy. Withdrawal effects may occur in babies of mothers who take it during pregnancy; therefore gradual withdrawal before delivery is usually advocated to reduce effects on baby.


immature not mature, insufficiently developed.


immune protected against infectious diseases, foreign tissue, foreign nontoxic substances and other antigens. I.-reactive trypsin (IRT) test blood test to diagnose cystic fibrosis.


immunity resistance of body to infectious diseases, foreign tissues, foreign non-toxic substances and other antigens. Humoral i. occurs in body fluids; concerned with antibody and complement activities; dependent on B lymphocytes, which mature into plasma cells primarily responsible for forming antibodies. Cell-mediated or cellular i. involves various activities designed to destroy or contain cells recognised by body as alien and harmful; dependent on T lymphocytes, primarily concerned with delayed immune responses, e.g. rejection of transplanted organs, defence against some slowly developing bacterial diseases, allergic reactions and certain autoimmune diseases. Acquired i. immunity produced specifically in response to antigen; involves change in behaviour of cells and production of antibody as primary response; after short while, body becomes sensitised; the secondary response is produced more quickly and is more marked. Active i. natural, i.e. from infectious diseases, or artificial, i.e. from injection of living or dead organisms or their products in form of toxins and toxoids. Passive i. natural, e.g. maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) via placenta, which protects infant from various infectious diseases for a few months (although undesirable antibodies such as anti-D immunoglobulin may also be transmitted to fetus), or acquired, e.g. temporary immunity that follows injection of antibodies of human (gamma globulin) or, more rarely, animal origin. Natural or innate i. non-specific; provided by intact cellular barriers of epithelium and by humoral substances, e.g. complement and lysozyme; affected by genetic factors, age, race and hormone levels.


immunisation rendering immune.





immunoglobulin antibody; variety of chemical compound found mainly in gamma globulin; major component of the humoral immune response system, synthesised by lymphocytes and plasma cells and found in serum, other body fluids and tissues. Five classes of immunoglobulin (Ig): IgA, two types with antiviral properties, of which secretory IgA is present in non-vascular fluids, e.g. colostrum and breast milk; IgD, found in trace quantities in serum; IgE, reaginic antibody, increased in those with allergy; IgG, most abundant and major antibody in secondary humoral response of immunity, only immunoglobulin to cross placenta; IgM, principally concerned with primary antibody response.


immunological pregnancy test standard method to diagnose pregnancy in which increased serum or urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg) levels are detected using immunological techniques, e.g. latex particle agglutination or, more commonly, anti-hCG antibody ‘sandwich’ assay. In this assay, hCG binds to conjugate, mixture migrates down test strip and when it comes into contact with line of anti-hCG antibodies colour change occurs, indicating positive result.


immunology science of structure and function of immune system, innate and acquired immunity and laboratory techniques involving interaction of antigens with specific antibodies.


impacted driven into, wedged, lodged in narrow strait, e.g. impacted shoulder presentation.


impaired fasting glucose (IFG) metabolic state between normal glucose homeostasis and true diabetic state. Fasting glucose concentration is lower than those required to diagnose diabetes mellitus, but higher than normal reference range.


impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) metabolic state between normal glucose homeostasis and true diabetic state. Carbohydrate metabolism results in slightly raised post-prandial blood glucose levels of ≥ 7.8 mmol/L.


imperforate having no opening. I. anus congenital malformation in which anal sphincter is closed; requires surgery. May occasionally be masked by leaking of meconium through vistual connection to vagina, bladder or urethra.


impetigo skin blisters or raw patches, especially on trunk and buttocks of baby, usually caused by staphylococci or streptococci; severe form, pemphigus neonatorum, is highly contagious.


implant introduction into body tissues of drugs or tissue.


implantation act of planting or setting in, e.g. of fertilised ovum in endometrium. I. bleeding nidation or decidual bleeding; vaginal bleeding at time and from site of embedding of blastocyst; coincides closely with first missed menstrual period and may cause erroneous calculation of expected date of delivery.


implementation third stage of process approach to midwifery care; preceded by assessment and planning and followed by evaluation.


impotence absence of sexual power; man is unable to achieve or maintain penile erection of sufficient rigidity to perform sexual intercourse successfully. Adj impotent.


impregnate 1. to saturate or instil. 2. to render pregnant.


imprinting species-specific, rapid learning during critical period of early life in which social attachment and identification are established.


inborn errors of metabolism rare inherited disorders occurring in about 1:5000 births, mainly due to enzyme deficiencies, usually autosomal recessive; includes phenylketonuria and galactosaemia.


incarcerated imprisoned, held fast. Retroverted i. gravid uterus retroverted pregnant uterus that does not antevert spontaneously; by 14 weeks’ gestation it becomes trapped under sacral promontory and cannot rise out of pelvis; may lead to acute retention of urine, abortion or, very rarely, sacculation of the uterus.


incest sexual activity between persons so closely related that marriage between them is legally or culturally prohibited. Adj incestuous.


incidence number of particular events occurring in population in given period of time, e.g. number of stillbirths per 1000 live births per annum.


incident event. Pl incidents. Critical i. any event occurring within maternity services (or other healthcare setting) which has stressful impact sufficient to overwhelm coping skills of individual or group, typically sudden, powerful events outside range of ordinary clinical experience. Any midwife involved in critical incident should have opportunity to debrief and reflect on event with named supervisor of midwives; managerial evaluation may include all staff involved considering how similar event may be avoided.


incidental haemorrhage uncommon vaginal bleeding due to extraplacental causes, e.g. cervical polyps, erosion, acute vaginitis, cervical carcinoma; diagnosed on speculum examination, rarely leads to dangerous haemorrhage; treatment is that of cause.


incompatibility state of being incompatible, applied to blood or chemicals, etc.


incompatible mutually repellent, unsuitable for combination; possible cause of miscarriage due to mismatch between ovum and sperm.


incomplete abortion See abortion.


incontinence inability to control excretory functions. I. of urine enuresis. Stress i. involuntary escape of urine resulting from strain on orifice of bladder, as in coughing, sneezing or laughing. Faecal i. may occur after delivery if mother sustains thirddegree tear involving anal sphincter.


incoordinate lacking in harmony. I. uterine action failure of polarity, resulting in weak, ineffectual contractions with delay in first stage of labour and poor, irregular cervical dilatation; oxytocic drugs are used to coordinate rather than accelerate uterine action.


incubate to place in optimal situation for development of living matter by providing suitable temperature, humidity and oxygen concentration.


incubation, incubation period

Related posts:

  1. G
  2. N
  3. W
  4. F

Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel
Tags:
Jun 18, 2016 | Posted by in MIDWIFERY | Comments Off on I

Full access? Get Clinical Tree
Get Clinical Tree app for offline access