A non-invasive assessment approach has been discussed (Chapter 25). Measurements such as non-invasive blood pressure are taken intermittently, at a frequency determined by the patient’s clinical condition and NEWS. If deterioration is evident such that continuous non-invasive blood pressure measurement is required, then these can be taken at 5 min intervals whilst intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring is commenced.

Invasive monitoring is indicated for use in acutely unwell patients (Boxes 28.1 and 28.5). Arterial and central venous catheter (CVC) insertion sites are chosen for their accessibility and reduced risk of complications (Boxes 28.3 and 28.7). In order to ensure harm-free care, only healthcare professionals who have been assessed as competent should care for patients who require invasive haemodynamic monitoring.