10% loss of birth weight in first 3 to 4 days of life

73% of body weight is fluid

Head circumference is 70% of adult size

Needs to consume 120 cal/kg of weight per day

Sleeps 20 to 22 hours/day, with brief waking periods of 2 to 3 hours

Feeds every 2½ to 5 hours

Posterior fontanel closes

Obligate (preferential) nose breathers (until about 5 months)

Begins drooling

Doubles birth weight

Teeth may begin to erupt

Moves food to back of mouth and swallows during spoon feedings

Sleeps through the night for up to 8 hours

Goes 4 to 5 hours between feedings

Has 2 to 4 naps per day

Begins teething with lower central incisors, followed by two upper incisors

Mashes food with jaws

Sleeps 14 to 16 hour/day, including naps

Sleeps 14 to 16 hour/day and still naps

Stops drooling

Grows about 0.5 in/month

Oral stage oral gratification and sucking needs (Freud)

Begins sexual identity

Alerting

Social smile

Laughs and squeals

Coos

Utters single vowel sounds such as “ah” and “eh”

Utters two-syllable vowel sounds

Includes consonant sounds such as “m” and “b”

Produces belly laughs

Orients to voices of others

Razzing

Intersperses vowel and consonant sounds

Babbles

Uses about 12 speech sounds

Makes “talking sounds” in response to caregiver while others are talking

Coos and squeals

Vocalizes up to four different syllables

Uses “dada” and “mama” in nonspecific way

Responds to own name (receptive language skills develop first)

Babbles to produce consonant sounds

Vocalizes to toys

Imitates speech sounds

Understands name and “no”

Understands “bye” and “pat-a-cake”

Imitates definite speech sounds

Uses jargon

Communicates by pointing to objects and by using gestures

Responds to simple verbal requests

Fixates on human face and demonstrates preference

Blink reflex present

Follows to midline

Produces rears

Visual acuity is hyperoptic

Follows objects to 180 degrees

Visual acuity 20/200

Recognizes feeding bottle

Inspects hands

Fixates on objects 3 ft away

Strabismus no longer within normal limits

Develops hand-eye coordination

Has permanent eye color

Depth perception developing

Tilts head backward to see up

Startles to loud noises

Prefers high-pitched voices

Quieted by low-pitched noises

Responds to human voice over other noises

Reflexive responses to auditory stimuli as seen by generalized body movement (blinking or crying)

Recognizes certain sounds, ignores others; attends to quiet sounds more than loud ones—these are learned rather than reflexive behaviors

Turns to voice (quiet listening)

Orients to bell (looks to side)

Stops crying in response to music

Orients to bell (looks to side, then up)

Localizes sound from above or below

Orients to bell (turns directly to bell)

Turns head when prone but cannot support head

Adjusts posture when held at shoulder

May squirm to corner or edge of crib when prone

Arm and leg movement are reflexive

Holds head up 45 to 90 degrees when prone

May hold head steady when in supported sitting position

Rolls over from back to side

Holds head erect and steady

When supported, sits with rounded back and bended knees

May bear weight on legs when assisted to stand

Head lag disappears when pulled to sitting position

Pulls to sitting position

Rolls from back to stomach

Sits alone momentarily

Shows unilateral reaching

Sits without support

May creep an inch forward or backward

Moves from place to place by rolling

Begins drinking from a cup

Stands while holding on

Early stepping movements

Begins to crawl or hitch

Raises head spontaneously when supine

Pulls to standing position

Raises self to sitting position

Palmar grasp disappears

Walks with help

Crawls, creeps, or hitches when permitted

Sits down

Holds own bottle

Drinks from cup or glass

Continues walking skill development with help

Stands alone

May climb up and down stairs

Sits without support

Recovers balance

Changes from prone to sitting position

May walk alone

Begins to stoop and recover

Pushes toys

“Cruises”

Follows to and slightly past midline

Keeps hands open predominately

Reflex grasp replaced by voluntary grasping

Grasps objects such as rattle in open hand

May bring hands together at midline

Uses ulnar-palmar prehension with a cube

Reaches for objects

Hands predominantly open

Attempts to “catch” dangling objects with two hands

Begins using forefinger and thumb in pincer grasp (opposable thumb-prehension)

Recovers rattle

Reaches for and grasps objects

Can grasp at will

Holds and manipulates objects

Scoops pellet

Transfers from hand to hand

Demonstrates inferior pincer

Bangs objects together

Can release objects

Combines spoons or cubes at midline

Retains two of three cubes offered

Achieves neat pincer grasp of pellet

Feeds self finger foods using only one hand

Releases objects at will

Rings bell

Holds bottle and places nipple in mouth when desired

Plays “pat-a-cake” (a midline skill)

Puts several objects in a container

Holds crayon adaptively

Bangs two cubes together

Looks for hidden object (object permanency) (Piaget)

Achieves neat pincer grasp

Engages in solitary play

May be imitative

Explores and manipulates

Resists toy pull

Picks up tiny objects

Plays “peek-a-boo”

Works to get toy that is out of reach

Plays “pat-a-cake”

Recognizes self in mirror

Plays ball

Achieves object permanence (searches for dropped objects)

Practice of reflexes and reflex-like actions

Reproduces reflex actions

Oriented and imitative actions

Accidental actions are repeated

Develops habits

Responds negatively to removal of a toy

Coordination, intentional goal direction, and achievement

Experiments with object permanence

Imitates and models behavior

No concept of death

Enjoys “peek-a-boo” game

Attempts to flee from unpleasant events

Recognizes anticipatory signs

Repeats actions that elicit response from others

Dislikes restrictions

Shakes head for “no”

Appears interested in picture book

Regards face and establishes eye contact

Smiles responsively

Enjoys cuddling and motion

Smiles spontaneously

Smiles at mirror image

Shows interest in siblings