© Springer-Verlag London 2015
Kathryn J. Hannah, Pamela Hussey, Margaret A. Kennedy and Marion J. Ball (eds.)Introduction to Nursing InformaticsHealth Informatics10.1007/978-1-4471-2999-8_1414. Case Studies Introduction: Transformational Research
(1)
School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
(2)
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Abstract
Chapter 14 reports on nursing informatics in relation to change management. It introduces the proceeding chapters which are presented as case studies on the various perspectives and differing approaches from authors working in the sphere of nursing informatics. The cross cutting theme evident in the case studies is that health care systems and nursing informatics are in various stages of transition. Authors report within the case studies how ICT is shaping nursing while highlighting the importance of implementing in parallel effective change management strategies to maximize effectiveness. Chapter 14 offers a summary overview of change management principles and how they can be applied in practice. It also includes a summary report on the ACENDIO Conference on eHealth and Nursing Innovations for the Future.
The online version of this chapter (doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2999-8_14) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords
Change managementNursing informaticsHealth care deliveryInternational strategic planningKey Concepts
Change Management
Nursing Informatics
Health Care Delivery
International Strategic Planning
Introduction
Nursing Informatics, health and healthcare are globally in various stages of transition and change. IMIA-NI the International Medical Informatics Association Special Interest Groups Strategic Plan 2007–2015 calls on the nursing informatics community to encourage global knowledge leaders to come together to effectively and efficiently create, assemble, integrate, synthesise or assimilate intellectual knowledge that is required worldwide to advance nursing/health informatics in its role of improving health and healthcare [1, p. 3]. Key objectives identified for 2015 include exploration of the scope of nursing informatics, and its development across the continuum of health. Promotion of linkages by the establishment of collaborative activities and the development/publishing of guidelines tools and courses relating to nursing informatics which are likely to maximise visibility are particularly important [1, p. 6]. Such activities offer the potential to facilitate a smooth transition process that supports sustainable change. Managing this transition presents nursing with a number of challenges which requires careful change management implementation practices. In the proceeding chapters, we present case studies which offer insight on how such activities are in process within practice, additionally Dr Fintan Sheerin offers a summary overview of the 2013 ACENDIO [2] conference (Association of European Nursing Diagnosis Interventions and Outcomes organisation) and the existing papers contributed by the international informatics community on nursing language and terminology. The case studies presented Chaps. 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 depict the current state of practice and present examples of nurses actively seeking clarity while offering solutions on how ambiguous processes relating to eHealth can be delivered. This approach ensures that opportunities which can deliver better patient care are not wasted but optimised. As a preamble to the cases presented in the proceeding chapters, a short introduction on change management theory follows. The case studies are also introduced as follows.
In Chap. 15, Case Study 1: Nursing Informatics and eHealth in Australia is written by Joanne Foster who offers a summary of the eHealth and Nursing Informatics landscape in Australia. In this chapter, the recently launched PCEHR [3] is introduced and key challenges for nursing informatics in Australia are discussed. A call for nursing informatics to be integrated into all nursing undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in Australia is proposed, and a stronger focus on taking control of the nursing role in future health care is suggested. Strategies to achieve greater control and actively engage with eHealth developments include participating in active debate on policy decisions and management of eHealth developments.
Chapter 16 , Case Study 2, presents the TIGER Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) [4] introduced by Sally Schlak. The TIGER Initiative initially introduced in this edition in Chap. 1 is an international collaboration entitled Technology Informatics Guiding Educational Reform. The recently launched virtual learning environment is described in this case study and an associated WebEx is also provided offering a tour of key VLE screens and functionality. For ease of reading, this chapter also includes key screen shots from the TIGER VLE resource.
In Chap. 17 Case Study 3, Beverley Thomas provides a summary overview of past and current ICT strategy in Wales. Describing how the nursing community in Wales is actively translating policy agendas into practice, this case study offers a comprehensive timeline with insight on how the change management and transition process has evolved in the past and is currently being managed in Wales. Examples of innovations completed in Wales include collaborative workshops with tactical outputs such as an agreed set of guiding principles for community nurses and creation of a new role within Wales of clinical nursing informaticist.
The last case study in Chap. 18, Case Study 4, is provided by Polun Chang, Shaio-Jyue Lu, Ming-Chuan and Jessie Kuo who report on the uptake and use of mobile technologies in Taiwan. The authors present two examples, firstly a chemotherapy medication administration solution which includes evidence-based guidelines and documentation process administration; the second example focuses on the deployment of a mobile device within an Intensive Care Unit for nursing to assess and document pressure sore management.
As a preamble to the proceeding chapters, a summary report from the 2013 ACENDIO Conference is also included at the end of this chapter, demonstrating the active contribution the nursing community is making to the eHealth policy debate.
Change Management and Transition
Recent reports indicate that health care professionals are increasingly dissatisfied with Electronic Health Records (EHR) implemented in healthcare, and particularly on the impact that the transition to electronic records is having on their routine working practices. Presented in March 2013 at the Health Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS), the American EHR data collection report completed on over 4,239 physicians, noted a 12 % decrease in EHR user satisfaction from 2010 to 2012, with 39 % of clinicians not recommending their EHR to a colleague. Specifically they reported on issues with impact on productivity as the primary reason [5].
So why is this the case? Change management theory suggests that altering practice involves two key concepts, firstly change processes and secondly transition processes [6]. Both of these concepts can be distinguished as follows; change can be described as observable things that happen or are done differently usually involving alteration of structural processes on work practice routines. On the other hand, transition processes relate more to the emotional aspects around what people feel, experience, or consider important in their practice. Early recognition that both concepts are required for successful implementation of national eHealth programs is important [7].
The costs of national programmes relating to ICT are prohibitive, and underestimating the importance of an effective change management program can be a costly business. Recent investment in the United States on health transition and change management offers one example of how on a global scale, governments are progressively recognizing change management programs as a priority. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act has allocated 27 billion dollars for meaningful use of electronic health records by physicians and hospitals between 2011 and 2015 [8]. In the past decade, early adopters such as United Kingdom have invested significant funds in their national programmes for IT. In England between 2003 and 2010, the National program for IT (NPfIT) was estimated to cost 20.6 Billion dollars and its overall success was declared to be limited throughout the literature [9, 10]. In light of the perception of limited value for investment, healthcare leaders must ask what models of change theory exist and what guiding principles of change management practice can be used within the nursing informatics community? The literature on this topic is extensive; here we offer a summary of some of the concepts and theories relating to the topic.