Questions and Answers
PART VI · QUESTIONS
1. The ventilatory rate is controlled by the
a. Medulla oblongata
b. Serum bicarbonate level
c. Pons’ apneustic center
d. Sympathetic nervous system
View Answer
1. The correct answer is a. The medulla oblongata contains “pacemaker” cells that control the rate and depth of respiration.
2. Which of the following statements about carbon dioxide is true?
a. Ninety-nine percent of the carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism combines with hemoglobin.
b. Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic anhydrase.
c. Serum carbon dioxide levels drive the rate and depth of ventilation in individuals who do not have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
d. A high serum carbon dioxide level results in respiratory alkalosis.
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2. The correct answer is c. Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies react to high serum carbon dioxide levels and trigger ventilation in healthy individuals.
3. Medications that may cause asthma in hypersensitive individuals include
a. Cardiac glycosides
b. Beta-blockers
c. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
d. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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3. The correct answer is b. Nonselective beta-blockers block sympathetic nervous system stimulation and cause bronchoconstriction.
a. Increased cortisol levels
b. Decreased vagal tone
c. Decreased epinephrine levels
d. Increased plasma histamine levels
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4. The correct answer is c. Epinephrine is a natural bronchodilator. In the early morning hours, epinephrine levels decrease by as much as 50%.
5. The nurse evaluating Ms. Clayton’s ABGs, a patient with ARDS, correctly evaluates the ABGs pH of 7.50 as indicating:
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5. The correct answer is a. Alveoli damage results in a decreased ability to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen, resulting in respiratory acidosis. Carbon dioxide + water = carbonic acid.
6. Which of the following statements concerning ARDS is true?
a. One of the causes of ARDS is congestive heart failure.
b. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is elevated in ARDS.
c. Surfactant production is reduced in ARDS.
d. ARDS has a low mortality rate.
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6. The correct answer is c. Type II alveolar cells are damaged as part of the ARDS cascade, leading to a decrease in surfactant production and alveolar collapse.
7. When assessing a client who has fat emboli, the nurse is likely to note which of the following?
a. Petechiae on the chest
b. Bradycardia
c. Bradypnea
d. Pedal edema
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7. The correct answer is a. Petechiae on the arms and chest are a classic sign of fat emboli.
8. What is the major cause of chronic bronchitis?
a. A deficiency of AAT
b. Smoking
c. Aging
d. Asthma
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8. The correct answer is b. Smoking and/or inhalation of second-hand smoke are the major causes of chronic bronchitis.
9. Lung changes that occur in emphysema include
a. Increased elastic recoil
b. Increased pulmonary capillary permeability
c. Increased surfactant production
d. Narrowing of the terminal bronchioles
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9. The correct answer is d. Loss of elastic recoil and alveolar hyperinflation result in narrowing of the terminal bronchioles.
10. Which of the following statements about lung cancer is true?
a. Metastasis is rare.
b. When someone stops smoking, their risk of developing lung cancer declines rapidly.
c. Second-hand smoke is more likely to cause lung cancer than inhaled smoke.
d. The 5-year survival rate for adenocarcinoma is high.
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10. The correct answer is c. Second-hand smoke contains more carcinogens than inhaled smoke.
11. Signs of superior vena cava syndrome related to lung cancer include
a. Headache
b. Pallor
c. Wheezing
d. Pedal edema
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11. The correct answer is a. Impaired blood return to the right atrium because of vessel compression by a tumor results in a headache as cerebral blood vessels become engorged.
b. Pneumonia is most commonly caused by a bacterium.
c. Pneumonia generally produces mild symptoms if the cause is viral.
d. Pneumonia generally resolves within 3 to 4 days.
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12. The correct answers are b and c. Streptococcus pneumonia is responsible for causing 75% of all pneumonia cases. Pneumonia may be caused by pathogens or from any activity, such as deep suctioning, which causes an inflammatory response.
13. The nurse auscultating lung sounds in a patient with atelectasis most likely hears
a. Rhonchi
b. Rales
c. Wheezing
d. Diminished breath sounds
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13. The correct answer is d. Areas of alveolar collapse result in diminished or absent breath sounds.
a. A positive PPD indicates active infection.
b. Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine is used prophylactically.
c. The dormant stage of TB generally lasts a few months.
d. Developing resistance to antimycobacterial therapy is rare.
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14. The correct answer is b. After exposure to TB, the bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine may be used as a prophylactic measure if antimycobacterial medications are not available.
15. Classic signs of active pulmonary TB include (select all that apply)
a. High fever
b. Weight loss
c. Night sweats
d. Wheezing
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15. The correct answers are b and c. Night sweats and weight loss are classic signs of active pulmonary TB.
16. The most precise term that denotes the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells, the alveoli, and the environment is
a. Respiration
b. Ventilation
c. Inhalation
d. Exhalation
View Answer
16. The correct answer is a. Ventilation means the movement of air and thus denotes inhalation and exhalation.
17. Events that can damage the mucociliary system and allow bacteria to enter the lungs include (select all that apply)
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