Questions and Answers

PART V · QUESTIONS

1. The sensitivity of a target cell to a circulating hormone is a result of what?

a. The number of receptors for that hormone

b. The amount of hormone in the blood

c. The amount of bound hormone in the blood

d. The percentage of body fat

1. The correct answer is a. Receptors are necessary for hormones to produce their effects on the target tissue. Choices b, c, and d all play a role in the action and effects of hormones but not in the sensitivity of the target cell.

2. Which of the following is an example of an iatrogenic endocrine disorder?

a. Graves’ disease

b. Cushingoid syndrome from exogenous glucocorticoids

c. Ectopic hormone production by a malignant tumor

d. Addison’s disease

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2. The correct answer is b. Iatrogenic disorders are those caused by medical care. The other choices are all diseases.

3. If thyroxine levels are too high, the anterior pituitary produces less TSH. What is this an example of?

a. Positive feedback

b. Negative feedback

c. Facilitated diffusion

d. Pituitary dysfunction

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3. The correct answer is b. Negative feedback is a process by which a substance secreted centrally (TSH) is reversed or decreased based on feedback received from the periphery (thyroxine levels). Choices a, c, and d represent different processes/problems.

4. Aging affects endocrine physiology. With aging, there may be

a. Increased sensitivity of target organs

b. Increased receptor binding

c. Glandular structural changes

d. Decreased amount of connective tissue

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4. The correct answer is c. This is the only change associated with aging among the options given.

5. Increases in parathyroid hormone levels result in which of the following?

a. Bone catabolism

b. Bone deposition

c. Renal excretion of calcium

d. Renal reabsorption of phosphorus

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5. The correct answer is a. The main function of the parathyroid hormone is to maintain serum calcium levels by releasing stored calcium from the bone. Choices b, c, and d are related to bone metabolism in some way but are not directly related to increases in parathyroid hormone.

6. Hyperparathyroidism puts one at risk for what?

a. Hypothyroidism

b. Hypertension

c. Fractures

d. Gingivitis

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6. The correct answer is c. Hyperparathyroidism causes the release of calcium from bone into the blood, resulting in demineralization that puts one at risk for fractures. The other choices are not related to hyperparathyroidism.

7. Which hormone from the parathyroid gland controls calcium homeostasis?

a. Parathyroid hormone

b. Calcitonin

c. Thyroid hormone

d. Parathyroid-releasing hormone

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7. The correct answer is a. The other choices regulate other processes.

8. What is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism?

a. Graves’ disease

b. Adenoma of the parathyroid

c. Hashimoto disease

d. Surgical excision of the parathyroids

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8. The correct answer is b. This is the most common cause. Choices a and c are related to the thyroid. Choice d results in hypoparathyroidism.

9. What measure has been taken in the United States to help prevent dietary deficiencies that lead to thyroid dysfunction?

a. Adding vitamin B to flour

b. Adding calcium to orange juice

c. Adding iodine to salt

d. Adding vitamin D to milk

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9. The correct answer is c. Iodine is necessary for the formation of thyroxine. The other nutritional additives do not relate to the thyroid.

10. Because of the thyroid’s role in metabolic function, which of the following manifestations would you expect in someone with hyperthyroidism?

a. Lethargy

b. Decreased appetite

c. Weight gain

d. Heat intolerance

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10. The correct answer is d. Heat intolerance is one of many manifestations of a hypermetabolic state. The others can be anticipated with hypothyroidism.

11. The thyroid gland produces all of the following except

a. T₃

b. T₄

c. Calcitonin

d. TSH

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11. The correct answer is d. TSH is produced by the anterior pituitary.

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