Used to control hemorrhage from esophageal or gastric varices, an esophageal tube is inserted nasally or orally and advanced into the esophagus or stomach. (See Types of esophageal tubes, page 284.)

Although the doctor inserts an esophageal tube, the nurse cares for the patient during and after intubation. Typically, the patient with an esophageal tube is in the intensive care unit for close observation and constant care. Sedatives may be contraindicated, especially for a patient with portal systemic encephalopathy.

A patient who has an esophageal tube in place to control variceal bleeding (typically from portal hypertension) must be observed closely for possible esophageal rupture because varices weaken the esophagus. Possible traumatic injury from intubation or esophageal balloon inflation also increases the chance of rupture. If a rupture occurs, emergency surgery is typically performed, although the operation has a low success rate.